Graduation Speech: A Graduation Poem :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Some of us may think weve reached the end of our learn but the truth is, we have not And as we prepare to move on we should remember the lessons weve already been taught. In elementary school we learned how to donation and how to color in the lines We learned how to spell our names and count and had naps and storytime. We had reading groups to share ideas, we learned to add, subtract and round up. We discovered we had to sit in interruption for biting or saying shut up. We learned to multiply and were exposed to culture by writing to pen-pals far away and we honed our competitive skills by vie four square every day. We eventually put away our dolls and picked up responsibilities. Then we were separated boys from girls and taught about the birds and the bees. In middle school we woke at the shot of dawn and hung out in the locker bay. We learned about Characters of Consequence and got detention for PDAs. Social division and Cultural Fair taught us that were all different, and ne vertheless the same. We thought that we knew everything and we were never the ones to blame. In high school everything was different and we learned we werent always right after all. We started longing for back in the day when we could walk out naps and play tetherball. But no, we had to study and get jobs and brace ourselves for standardized tests We stayed up late writing essays and learned what it means to be stressed. Then our final social class came upon us and we filled out many a college application We learned the feeling of accomplishment through disappointment and determination. Now the real world beckons us and we must learn to survive on our own.

Age and Category Blocked Presentation :: essays research papers

IntroductionThe effect of duration and category-blocked and random presentation on redundant call up and clustering is an important aspect of learning. Learning is a basic foundation of cognitive development. From the many aspects of learning, what we do to learn (the process) and what we learn (the outcome) are of peachy importance. From the day a child is born, she is exposed to a classification of stimuli some of which she will pay attention to, others she will not. From those things which require her attention, she will either consort the information or compare it with what she already knows.In a previous study, Kail (1990) found that children memory capacity develop. It appears that several(prenominal)s are able to abjure items when they are categorically groupinged (Lucariello & Nelson, 1985).There is evidence that shape up and presentation order has an affect on free recall (Yoshimura, Moely, & Shapiro, 1971). Memory/Recall creation MethodHypothesis The ability to l earn new things and recall information is an important developmental task. As in the case of physical abilities, the appears to be a peak age for mental abilities. In examining the processes of memory, how the information is organize and presented has been of great discussion.. In another study of free recall and clustering, Moely and Shapiro (1971) found clustering increase with age, but only with block presentation and clustering was higher(prenominal) for the category blocked condition than for any other condition (p. 490).MethodParticipantsTen children of kindergartener age and ten adults, ranging in age of 18-35 will participate in the study. The adults will be recruited through class announcements (Dr. Applebys B105) and email notifications (B346). The kindergartners will be recruited from the IUPUI minor Development Center. There will be consent forms given(p) to the parents of the kindergartners and the adults will be asked to complete a consent form.Materials23 black and white drawings of parking area items will be used (3 practice cards and 20 test items). The items are from common categories (food, toys, furniture, vehicles, body parts). The drawings will be mounted on 3 X 3 inch cards. We will use an individual data sheet to record the responses of each participant.ProceduresHalf of the participants in each age group will be presented with the pictures in block order one-half are presented the pictures in random order. The experimenter will present the 20 items on at a time, along with a verbal label. The participant will echo the verbal label after viewing each item.Age and Category Blocked insertion essays research papers IntroductionThe effect of age and category-blocked and random presentation on free recall and clustering is an important aspect of learning. Learning is a basic foundation of cognitive development. From the many aspects of learning, what we do to learn (the process) and what we learn (the outcome) are of great importan ce. From the day a child is born, she is exposed to a variety of stimuli some of which she will pay attention to, others she will not. From those things which require her attention, she will either sort the information or compare it with what she already knows.In a previous study, Kail (1990) found that children memory capacity develop. It appears that individuals are able to recall items when they are categorically grouped (Lucariello & Nelson, 1985).There is evidence that age and presentation order has an affect on free recall (Yoshimura, Moely, & Shapiro, 1971). Memory/RecallPresentation MethodHypothesis The ability to learn new things and recall information is an important developmental task. As in the case of physical abilities, the appears to be a peak age for mental abilities. In examining the processes of memory, how the information is organized and presented has been of great discussion.. In another study of free recall and clustering, Moely and Shapiro (1971) found cluster ing increased with age, but only with block presentation and clustering was higher for the category blocked condition than for any other condition (p. 490).MethodParticipantsTen children of kindergartener age and ten adults, ranging in age of 18-35 will participate in the study. The adults will be recruited through class announcements (Dr. Applebys B105) and email notifications (B346). The kindergartners will be recruited from the IUPUI Child Development Center. There will be consent forms given to the parents of the kindergartners and the adults will be asked to complete a consent form.Materials23 black and white drawings of common items will be used (3 practice cards and 20 test items). The items are from common categories (food, toys, furniture, vehicles, body parts). The drawings will be mounted on 3 X 3 inch cards. We will use an individual data sheet to record the responses of each participant.ProceduresHalf of the participants in each age group will be presented with the pict ures in block order half are presented the pictures in random order. The experimenter will present the 20 items on at a time, along with a verbal label. The participant will repeat the verbal label after viewing each item.

How are the young David and Cassie presented as victims in the novels E

How be the young David and Cassie presented as victims in the novelsDavid Copperfield and Roll of Thunder Hear My CryRoll of Thunder Hear My Cry is a invention about an African Americangirl growing up in a racial community in Mississippi during the1930s. It shows her family as they struggle to survive in the racistcommunity, try to keep their land and survive on the little money theyget because of the fall in cotton prices due to the economicdepression. David Copperfield on the early(a) hand is about a boy growingup in a mid-Victorian world. With his family dieing around him,nowhere to live and people constantly taking emolument of him, Davidalso has a hard time growing up. In Roll of thunder we see the wholestory through the eyes of Cassie and how animation is for her. Whilst inDavid Copperfield the story is told by David so we only see how hethought it happened. In this essay I am going to compare the representation inwhich these two young people are treated as victims and w hether theircharacters influence people to treat them inadequately.At home David has memories of a happy childhood, until his renderClara remarries to a man called Mr Murdstone who victimised him. Inthe early days of Davids existence he describes his life as beingpicture perfect. my mother and I and Peggoty-for Peggoty is sooner ourcompanion my mother reads to Peggoty and me there is nothing half asgreen as that grass David loved his childhood he rememberseverything to be idealistic which reminds us that the story is fromDavids point of view and may not be exactly how it was really. We cantell that he cherishes the time when it was only he Clara and Peggotybecause of the emotive language use by the author. When Mr Mu... ...d into her,tackling her with such force that we both fell over and sheapologised for herself and her father Cassie devised a foul proofplan to stitch Lillian Jean up. She then bribed her into not tellinganyone. Although her family are constantly victimised she k nows thatthey shouldnt be treated in that way and so wont put up with it.David and Cassie are both treated as victims throughout theirchildhoods. I think on one hand David is treated like a victim becausehe doesnt know how he should be treated and doesnt astound up forhimself and on the other Cassie is treated like a victim because sheknows how she should be treated and speaks out about it. While Davidapologises for what he has make -usually nothing- Cassie plots herrevenge. I think both stories show realistic points of view of twopeople struggling to survive their childhoods.

King Lear :: essays research papers

index Lear Theme Of BlindnessWilliam ShakespeareIn Shakespearean terms, blindness means a alone different thing. Blindness cornerstone norm entirelyy be defined as the inability of the eye to see, but according to Shakespeare, blindness is not only a physical quality, but also a mental flaw some people possess. One of Shakespeares dominant themes in his play King Lear is that of blindness. King Lear, Gloucester, and Albany are three prime examples, of how Shakespeare incorporates the theme of blindness into the story. Each of these characters blindness is the primary cause of the bad decisions he makes decisions which all of them will eventually come to regret.King Lear is a character who is most affected by blindness. Due to Lears high position in society, he is supposed to be able to distinguish the good from the bad unfortunately, his lack of insight prevents him from doing so. Lears first act of blindness comes at the beginning of the play. First, he is easily deceived by hi s two eldest daughters exaggerated declarations statingSir, I love you much than words can wield the matter Dearer than eye-sight, space, and libertyBeyond what can be valued, rich or rare No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honourAs much as child eer loved, or father give A love that makes breath poor, and speech unableBeyond all manner of so much I love you. (I.I.56-63)Lear is unable to see the mankind of Cordelias authorized love for him when she says Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth I love your majesty According to my bond nor more nor less. (I.I.96-98) As a result, Lear banished Cordelia from his kingdom with the following words ..................................for we Have no such daughter, nor shall ever see That face of her again. Therefore be gone Without our grace, our love, our benison. (I.I.290-293) Lears blindness also causes him to banish one of his loyal followers, Kent. Kent is able to see Cordelias true love for her father, and tried to protect her from her blind fathers irrationality. After Kent is banished, he created a disguise for himself and is eventually hired by Lear as a servant. Lears inability to determine his servants true identity proved once again how blind Lear actually is. As the play progressed, Lears eyesight reached closer to 20/20 vision. He recognise how immoral his two eldest daughters really were after they locked him out of the castle during a tremendous storm.

Considering Dysarthria: A Speech Disorder On the Margins :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Considering Dysarthria A Speech Disorder On the MarginsThe goal of this paper is to portray dysarthria, a language impairment, as a disorder that is on the margins of the category of speech disorders. The argumentation will be that since dysarthria shargons common underlying neurological causes with motor diseases rather than with other language impairments, it is exercise set apart from other language impairments and evidence for the overlap of the motor modality with the language modality. Language is arguably one if not the most complex functions produced by the human brain, and one that is all but transparent as to the underlying neurological structures and processes in that so much is going on at the same time that it is hard to tell what is what. What we do know is that at that place are different areas of representation for different aspects of language. An area in the left hemisphere supra the perisylvian fissure in the frontal lobe anterior to the motor cortex roughly co ntrols production and fluency of speech another area, in the temporal lobe of the same hemisphere roughly controls comprehension and word retrieval. Other regions next to and between these areas carry related functions, and lesioning to them results in variations of the symptoms caused by lesioning one of the central regions described above(1)..These areas are cognise to us as the language areas. However, they can be completely intact in a person that is suffering from severe language impairment. Are there other language areas then? Strictly speaking, no, loosely speaking, yes. Language is more than a mental function where structures are established, words are retrieved and sound associations are made. The final execution of language is purely a question of complex motor control. Disruption of this complex interaction of motor signals towards the formation of speech is cognise as dysarthria (2). It is sometimes confused with impairment resulting from injury to the language areas ( 1), illustrating the point that the process of producing language is multi-layered, and that it is often hard to tell what is what. The symptoms of dysarthria may be thick(p) speech, nasality of sound, or quiet and slow speech (3).. These different impairments reflect the sub-sections in the motor symphony that produces speech The lips, tongue, teeth and jaw shape specific sounds the soft palate impart air into either the nasal or oral cavity, producing different sound qualities the larynx (voice box) makes the air vibrate through the vocal folds to create voice and finally, the respiratory system powers this process (3).

Womens Roles in Silkos Yellow Woman and Chopins The Story of an Hour :: comparison compare contrast essays

Womens Roles in Silkos yellow Woman and Chopins The Story of an HourYellow Woman describes a short episode from the life of a young woman. She draws her home just for a few days and follows her beloved, whom she doesnt know well.However, afterwards she decides to coiffure back home, to her family husband, baby and relatives. This story may look superficial, but is contains deeper meaning, and truths about roles of women, traditional patriarchal society, and attitudes toward feminism.Yellow Woman shows the role of a woman in a traditional, average family narrator is a married young female raising a baby and living together with p arnts and grandparents. We may assume that she doesnt work, and women in her family traditionally do not work. They are rather supposed to raise children and deal with housework men are the ones who are responsible for financial matters, and eventful things. What is more the role of a woman in this family is rather under appreciated and minor, not even vis ible. After the narrator leaves her home she evidences There are enough of them to handle things. My mother and grandmother will raise the baby as they raised me. Al will find someone else(Silko, 191). Another grammatical case of a patriarchal society may be found in a scene when a rancher captures her beloved - Silva. No one pays attention to her, or to what will happen to her men only are allowed to deal with important issues such as crime, and responsibility. In this story males and females worlds are strongly separated.In the befriend essay The Story of an Hour females situation looks very similar. Lousie, starts considering her marriage as a burden, and she feels free when she gets to know about her husbands death. It is difficult to understand her reaction, since the story doesnt say about problems in her marriage. Readers may think that she feels overwhelmed with her everyday life of (stay-at-home) wife, dependence upon Brently, his decisions, and maybe dominance. She is p robably disappointed with a reality, and she is subconsciously looking for a panorama to break free form the males world. Women in both essays experiences some conflicts related to their roles in a society.Narrator of a first story initially decides to leave her family and neglects her family obligations, but then she comes back, the feeling of responsibility is stronger. Lousies inside conflict is not so visible, but more subtle initially she hesitates how to determine her own feelings.

Womens Roles in Silkos Yellow Woman and Chopins The Story of an Hour :: comparison compare contrast essays

Womens Roles in Silkos Yellow Woman and Chopins The Story of an HourYellow Woman describes a short episode from the action of a two-year-old woman. She leaves her home just for a few days and follows her beloved, whom she doesnt know well.However, afterwards she decides to come back home, to her family husband, baby and relatives. This story may look superficial, alone is contains deeper meaning, and truths about roles of women, traditional patriarchal society, and attitudes toward feminism.Yellow Woman shows the role of a woman in a traditional, average family narrator is a married young female raising a baby and living together with parents and grandparents. We may assume that she doesnt work, and women in her family traditionally do not work. They are preferably suppose to digest children and commode with housework men are the ones who are responsible for financial matters, and important things. What is more the role of a woman in this family is rather under appreciated and minor, not even visible. After the narrator leaves her home she says There are enough of them to handle things. My mother and grandmother will raise the baby as they raised me. Al will find some(a)one else(Silko, 191). Another example of a patriarchal society may be erect in a scene when a rancher captures her beloved - Silva. No one pays attention to her, or to what will happen to her men only are allowed to deal with important issues such as crime, and responsibility. In this story males and females worlds are strongly separated.In the second essay The Story of an Hour females situation looks very similar. Lousie, starts considering her espousal as a burden, and she feels free when she gets to know about her husbands death. It is difficult to understand her reaction, since the story doesnt say about problems in her marriage. Readers may think that she feels overwhelmed with her everyday life of (stay-at-home) wife, dependence upon Brently, his decisions, and maybe dominance. Sh e is probably disappointed with a reality, and she is subconsciously looking for a chance to break free form the males world. Women in both essays experiences some competitivenesss related to their roles in a society.Narrator of a first story initially decides to leave her family and neglects her family obligations, but then she comes back, the feeling of responsibility is stronger. Lousies inside conflict is not so visible, but more subtle initially she hesitates how to determine her own feelings.

If I Knew Then Essay

Thinking back on the past month or so since I started my journey at Hodges University, I have bugger off to find that my outlook on learning and the way I go about it has changed. Since my origin day of class on January 17th, I feel as though I have grown not only as a student further as a person as well. umteen challenges have come upon me provided I have overcome them and am now more confident in my abilities as a student.This is not my first semester in a scholarly strike offting, it is however my first at Hodges. When I signed up for my classes I was afraid of starting my education again. I matte I did not have the time, and that I was going to fail miserably but I knew that I had to at least try. My whole mind set has changed since then. I have realized how badly I want to succeed and make a difference in not only my life but in my daughters life as well. I have become more confident in myself and in Hodges for the tools I need to begin my degree. I do believe that since January I have become a break down critical thinker as well as a better writer.A wonderful tool that Hodges has provided to me is this Strategic Thinking class. The required text for this class, Pauks How to Study in College, has opened my eyes to better study strategies that I wish I was taught in high school. In my opinion the greatest strategy in the book is finding your hidden time, with being a scram of a 2 year old and melting 6 days a week I believed I had no time. After reading simply those few paragraphs I was amazed at how much time I actually had. I now study while my daughter is in the bath, in between calls at work, and when Im folding laundry. I have also adapted Pauks strategy of minimizing multitasking this was a difficult strategy for me to prepare used to. After reading the section on how to accomplish minimizing multitasking I seen how important it is to your health and your course work.If I had the chance to go back in the past to January 17th, the advice I would give myself is to pace myself. It may seem that I do not have a whole lot of time but I have just enough to study and make the grades. I would also tell myself that when I am in doubt to always opine that I do have muckle here to help me and Im not in this alone.As for the future, a few things I go out do differently are not to procrastinate with major assignments, as well as to be more attention to detail on my work and in class lectures. I am starting to see the importance of not just listening but hearing and understanding what the professor is learn about. Procrastination is one of my major down falls I have always been bad with it. You can say Im one of those people who think they work better under pressure when in reality for a lack of better terms I am a micro bit lazy. Lazy will not get me to where I want to be in 2 years.If only I knew then what I populate now, I would have had the wonderful study strategies that I now implicate, I would have never known that I could stretch myself to these lengths and not completely break and burn at the beginning. I have grown so much as a person and student in just these few weeks that I am truly excited to continue toward the better life for me and my daughter that is waiting for us the day I graduate.

Organizational Systems and Quality Leadership Essay

A. Understanding Nursing Sensitive IndicatorsNursing sensitive indicators include the configuration, process and outcomes of care for disturbance. The configuration of nursing care concludes the nursing cater, their nursing skills, and the level of education that each nurse holds. The process of nursing care concludes the nursing assessments, intervention and implimentation. The outcome of nursing care every positive or negative depends on the quantity and quality of the care provided to the patients by the nursing staff (Nursing world, 2013) Each nurse should hold tight-laced information and knowledge of nursing care such as knowledge of pressure ulcers. In this scenario every nursing personnel should provide the ultimate nursing care in dealing with pressure ulcers. In order to prevent any(prenominal) pressure ulcer each nursing personnel should be alive(predicate) of the pressure ulcer concept, their prevention and the correct technique of reducing any other complication related to pressure ulcers.In this case the nurse and the CNA should engross their knowledge of preventing any pressure ulcer. The first action is to assess completely the patient for any sign of pressure ulcer such as any erythema or bruising. It is essential that the nursing staff know to reposition the patient and reasses the out of sight sites parts of the body for any sign and symptoms of bruising and shearing. withal it is important for nursing staff to know that, the patients with restraint order, are at higher risk of getting pressure ulcer so the nurse is accountable for proper and effective way of using restraints and on the other go past is supposed to know at what time the restrains are not proper to be used.In the nursing sensitive indicator category also it is included,the patient satisfaction, which was missing out in this scenario due to the fact that the nurse did not look the patient satisfaction fact, and she dismissed the incorrect diet, which was being so e asily delivered for the patient.if the nurse had the patient satisfaction category in her mind, She also would have delineate the daughter about the increct diet incident, andalso the nurse would also avoid commenting inappropriate words to the daughter.How Hospital Data Could Advance Quality CareIn this scenario the hospital in order to advance the quality of care, could have shared the information about the incident with the nursing personnel. The hospital could provide the best quality of care to the patients and achieve the patients satisfaction, by sharing the data. Advancing the quality of care would have positive effect on both patient satisfaction and nursing care. Knowledge of nursing care empowers the nursing staff in such cases. In this scenario the knowledge of pressure ulcers, restraints and patient care is significant. On the other hand the nursing care in this scenario could have been better and the family/patient could have been cared better if the nursing staff had gotten the best patient care knowledge.Resources Availableseveral(prenominal) resources exist in the hospital in order to address the nursing sensitive indicators. In this scenario as a nurse I could partner with nutritionist in order to address the tray issue and deliver the correct tray to the correct patient. To resolve any misunderstandings I would apologize to the daughter of the patient for the incident. I would chat to the nurse who commented inapprotely to the daughter of the patient. I would discuss the situation and possible solutions with the doctor/nurse in charge.I would educate the CNA the proper information about noticing the signs of any pressure ulcers and proper techniques in avoiding them. I also would ask a wound care consultant to provide proper information to the nursing staff about pressure ulcers. To fully provide the best patient care I also would refer the patient and family to any social worker in dealing with any ethical issue that may interfere in the quality of care.Referenceshttp//www.nursingquality.orghttp//www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ThePracticeofProfessionalNursing/PatientSafetyQuality/Research-Measurement/The-National-Database/Nursing-Sensitive-Indicators_1 Nursing world. (2013)

Motivation in Hospitality

E XECUTIVE WHITE PA P E R A new study on employee motive and carrying out lays the groundwork for creation of the SITE Foundation Motivation Index . MOTIVATION In The Hospitality Industry Introduction About the Research The CANE present Implications for Employers About the Researchers Where to Get the Study INTRODUCTION E mployee turnover within the U. S. fast-food and hotel industries costs those industries in the neighborhood of $140 billion annually. In more bite-sized terms, it pull up stakes cost roughly 100% to 200% of an employees base salar y to recruit and train a replacement. Although the turnover rate for these ndustries hovers between 78. 3 pct and 95. 4 portion on a national basis, some fast-food restaurants and hotels experience much lower rates, and have signifi atomic number 50tly greater success retaining employees. Overall, graduate(prenominal)er levels of motivation and motivated exertion translate into a 53 percent reduction in worker turnover. It is genera lly understood that employment in these industries is of cardinal considered to be temporar y, or stop-gap employment, with workers leaving eventually for what they will consider greener pastures. And certainly, different economics be at work depending on the region, the type of establishment, etc.However, turnover rates in addition vary within the aforementioned(prenominal) economies, the similar chains, the same cities, and the same regions. All things being equal, then, what accounts for the differences in turnover rates? And more importantly, what can managers do to debase turnover at their properties? The Site Foundation is seeking to answer those questions by studying employee motivation and performance in the fast- food and hotel industries. The study Motivation in the Hospitality Industry measures key indices of motivated behavior using the widely recognized CANE (Commitment And Necessary crusade) Model of Motivation.The following describes key findings from resear ch to witness and offers methods managers can use to reduce turnover in their fast-food or hotel operations. About The Research Hotel and fast-food employees from twenty-two job sites located in the Orlando, Florida bea were surveyed in October create by T he SITE Foundation Copyright 2004. All Rights Reser ved. This paper is an edited version of a full report by the same name written by Steven J. Condly, Ph. D. , Educational Studies Dept. , College of Education, University of Central Florida, and Robin DiPietro, Ph. D. , Rosen School of Hospitality Management,University of Central Florida. EXECUTIVE WHITE PA P E R Employment in these industries is very much considered to be temporary, or stop-gap employment, with workers leaving eventually. 2003. All told, 545 responses were received. Mid-scale hotels contributed 14. 9 percent of the responses fast-food restaurants contributed 85. 1 percent. A follow-up phase conducted in February 2004 surveyed the same job sites. The survey in strument was modeled after the CANE Model (Richard Clark, 1998). The CANE Model helps us to understand the various aspects of why people are motivated to perform a specific task. The CANE ModelThe following chart illustrates the dynamics at work in the CANE Model. It is followed by an explanation of the ten predictor variables and questions in which the employee might express the effect of the variable on his or her behavior. (Commitment And Necessary Effort) Perceptions of Capability Self-Efficacy Agency Self-Efficacy 2 Effort Affect x Emotion Mood Task Value x Goal Commitment Importance Interest Utility Choice Persistence IMPLICATIONS FOR EMPLOYERS Simply put, the study demonstrates that certain behaviors have various impacts on turnover in various ways, and these differences suggest strategies employers ight use to reduce turnover. These include T urnover is less(prenominal) when employees have a high level of value for their work. These employees persist more than colleagues who report low levels of value. Employers can help employees value their work through consistent praise, recognition, and special incentives. T urnover is less at work sites where employees olfactory property supported by the organization. Organizations can increase the level of support their employees feel by listening more, understanding employee issues, and taking body process accordingly. Employees who feel better about their jobs persist more, exert more ffort, and are less likely to leave. EXECUTIVE WHITE PA P E R THE CANE MODEL Ten predictor variables identified by the CANE Model guided the investigation of the hospitality industry. These included self-efficacy, agency, emotion, mood, importance, interest, utility, choice, persistence, and effort. Self-Efficacy The belief that one can organize and execute courses of action to obtain desired goals (Bandura, 1997). Can I Do This? Do I Have What It Takes? Agency The belief that you will be supported in doing a task or allowed to perform the task in accordance with your goals. W ill I Be Permitted To Do This and Be Supported?Can I Do This Under These Circumstances/Conditions? Emotion Negative emotions produce avoidance behaviors (tardiness, inattentiveness, job abandonment) positive emotions energize (choosing a task, staying continuing on a task, etc. ) How Do I Feel About This Task Or Job? Mood Moods bias peoples thoughts, non their actions. How Am I Feeling In General? Importance People tend to lodge to tasks when they identify with the task. Is This Task Me? Interest People can commit themselves to tasks even when the only thing they get out of it is pleasure from doing the task. Do I Like This? Utility Willingness to perform A to secure B.Task utility is often the most powerful motivator. If the answer to the question at the right is nothing, people are unlikely to commit to the task. Whats In It For Me? Choice Buy-in or the offset printing step. This is that actual goal that people have selected it differs from intention in that it involves some sort of action or response and not mere thought or words (Kuhl, 1986). Do I Agree With This? Persistence Continued choice in the face of obstacles. When people persist, they generally succeed. Can I Continue To Do This? Effort An energy-based behavior involving actual thinking rather than rote performance.When people exert effort, they increase the likelihood of succeeding in a task. Is It Worth The Effort? Older employees tend to be more motivated, persistent, exert a greater effort, and are less likely to leave in the face of difficulties. Salaried employees are more motivated than hourly employees. Women are more likely to say their work is more interesting, more important, and more useful however, turnover for women is higher than men. When employees feel they cannot perform certain tasks, managers should reduce the size of complexity of the task into smaller chunks. This helps the employee to build self-efficacy.Employees who pe rceive their work conditions to be unfair and/or unreliable use up evidence that the system is there to help them be effective. If negative perceptions are cor rect, management should rectify them. Conclusion When tasks are being avoided or devalued, a carefully targeted incentive system can solve the problem in both the short- and long-terms. About the Researchers This summary of a SITE study is an edited version of a full report by the same name written by Steven J. Condly, Ph. D. , Educational Studies Dept. , College of Education, University of Central Florida, and Robin DiPietro, Ph. D. Rosen School of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida. WHERE TO GET THE arena For copies, contact The SITE Foundation Frank J. Katusak, Executive Director 304 Park Avenue South 11th Floor New York, NY 10010 212-590-2518 f. emailprotected org www. sitefoundation. org 3 WEVE COME A LONG WAY SINCE THE CARROT Give Sales Force Motivation the Attention it Deserves Improve sales repre senta- Improve team field force per- tive performance an average of formance by up to 45% with a 22% with a carefully designed, properly structured incentive implemented and monitored program incentive programNinety-two percent of sales Q uota-based incentive pro- representatives surveyed indi- grams are proven to yield the cated they achieved their goals greatest results because of incentive programs Your Program Costs Can Be Based on Results and Payable Upon conquest Research Shows Why Certain Incentive Programs Work While Others Dont Get a free summary of the research, Incentives, Motivation and Workplace procedure Research & Best Practices, conducted by the International Society of Performance Improvement, 2002. Contact Frank Katusak at 212-590-2518 or f. emailprotected org. The complete study is available for $50.

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 25

Anger was all I had left, and I let rage fuel me the way human blood had in my first weeks as a vampire. I couldnt believe Damons indifference, couldnt understand who hed become. But him not helping didnt change what I needed to do save Lexi.Across the street a gentleman upon a coal-black mare was talking amiably d witness to a shopkeeper. The moment the shopkeeper went in to get something I grabbed the horses reins and, breaking my profanity for the second time in twenty-four hours, I compelled the rider to dismount and enjoy a nice long walk indorse home.Though unremarkably Id be faster than a horse, I was hungry and drained, so with gentle whispers and a crack of the reins I was off uptown, loudly galloping upon the New York City streets. She was a fine beast and responded to my every gentle nudge, the slightest clench of my knees. With the wind in my hair and the leather in my grip, I almost felt like my aged(prenominal) self again.But the sky was beginning to lighten, in tha t hushed crystal blue of early morning, and I had to urge every last bit of pelt along pop of the horse. Lexis life might depend on it.As we mounted the long drive up to the Richards and took the modest path to the family chapel on the right, I knew I had made the right decision. I could smell the old ones presence, the miasma of old blood, death, and decay that followed around him like a shadow. My horse whinnied in terror.I leaped off the horse before she had really stopped and gave her a gentle spank. Go home, I ordered. She reared up, as if un giveing to give up her newfound freedom, consequently(prenominal) expeled and galloped away.I ran into the great hall where I was wed, pushing aside a lone servant who stood in my way.Lexi was there, tied to the altar like an antediluvian patriarch sacrifice. The smell of vervain burned my nose her ropes had clearly been soaked in it. The sun had risen, and its presence came in the form of a bloodred puddle from an east-facing stai ned grouch window. As the light slowly moved toward her feet she squirmed and gasped, trying to pull her legs step to the fore of the way. A wisp of smoke rose up where the deadly sun had just begun to meet her toes, and the strange smell of burning flesh filled the room.Lexi I yelled.Stefan she sobbed in pain and relief.I thought fast. It would take me far too long to portend out how to remove the vervain-soaked ropes, and there was nothing I could cover the windows with, no tapestries or easily pulled-up rugs or runners. Without thinking of my own safety, I ran over and grabbed her small white hand, slipping my ring over her finger.But, Stefan, Lexi protested.You need it if youre going to keep chasing after and saving me, I said, pulling all her ropes off. The vervain burned my fingers raw, only if preserved her until she was free. Despite the pain in my fingers, I felt light and hopeful. I had done it. Id saved Lexi. Now lets get you But at that moment, a vervain-soaked net fell on us both, searing every inch of my body.Run I shouted, pushing Lexi out of the way.She rolled to the floor, then reached for the edge of a pew to help right herself. As she extended her arm, though, it passed through a shaft of sunlight. Her eyes broadned in wonder, clearly shocked that no smoke appeared and her skin didnt burn. And then she disappeared, blurring with vampire speed away from the scene.I put up my hands, trying to keep the netting off my face, but I twisted and cried out wherever the poisoned rope touched me.The ancient vampire appeared, giant leather gloves on his hands and a big grin on his pale face.Hello. The corners of his mouth pulled back too far, revealing a set of strong white teeth wedged in decaying gums. So predictable, coming to rescue a damsel in distress.That foul odor of a slaughterhouse enveloped me like a hot wind in August inescapable, absolute, and horrible. Despite the burning nets, I tried to turn away from it.That only made him chuck le.Where is the one who is always near you and just out of your grasp, like a shadow? Where is your brother?I clenched my jaw. astute Damon, he was swilling his third whiskey, preparing to feast on a saloon girl or two.Lucius studied my silent face, seeming to mistake it for bravado. Well, it is no matter. I will get him eventually. Your brother is more like a real vampyr than you, no interest in anything outside his little world, no desire to do good. He may survive for a trifle longer.What do you plan to do with me? I demanded. Though in truth, now that Lexi was safe, I didnt fear for my own safety. I wished only to have the chance to kill the monster, to stop him from exacting further revenge and preying on more humans.But the vervain was drawing out my Power like a siphon, and I knew even scratching the old one would be a small victory.The beast grabbed the net and threw me over his bring up like I was nothing more than a bag of mice or feathers.My plans are not particularly s pectacular, he said as he lumbered experience the churchs aisle. There were still rose petals on the floor, I noted, drying away into thin scraps of nothing. The flowers in vases were wilted, everything left to wither after the murder of the brides.But they will be enduring. Vampires can survive a very, very long time. Without food. Slowly starving over the centuries and still not dying. The net shifted as he shrugged. Well, eventually, perhaps. Ive never seen it happen, but I suppose well find out.He took a sudden left into the private chapel, stopping in front of a set of twin doors the crypt, I suddenly realized with mounting dread. Although the doors were solid, carved marble, Lucius had no problem throwing them open, dumping me out of the net, and tossing me into a tiny stone room, barely larger than the 12 coffins interred there.For one brief moment, I relished the feel of the cool air rushing over my burned skin.But then he let out a low growl. When your hunger for blood eats you from the inside and makes you go mad, do not worry I will be there, listening. Watching. And laughing.My last atomic pile was of the ancient standing, outlined in a bright halo of the living world, waving. Then he threw the doors closed with a slam that echoed to the very heavens, and I was in utter darkness.I raced to the doors and threw my weight against them. They didnt even rattle. Trying to quell my rising hysteria, I took in the dank, musty room, searching for an opening, a secret exit, an out, even though a voice at the back of my mind screamed, Its a crypt, Stefan Death is the only way outI wove through the maze of coffins and sarcophagi. Even in my panic I noticed the ornate carvings and brass hinges. One of the marble tombs had the portrait of a young girl engraved in high relief. She had wide eyes and bow-shaped lips. I slumped over the carving, as though I could hug the girl resting beneath it.At to the lowest degree Lexi was safe, I told myself. If nothing e lse, at least I could spend the centuries knowing that she was out there somewhere, living her life protected by my ring. And maybe, just maybe, trying to find me.So long, I whispered to Lexi in the silence of the tomb.As if on cue, the doors to the crypt opened one last time, and a petite blonde came hurtling through, landing with a thud at my feet.Lexi I cried as the doors slammed shut behind her, plunging us into darkness again.Hey there, she said weakly. Fancy meeting you here.

Natural disaster risk assessment and risk management

Disasters have occurred in the introduction over for many years. They have occurred both in MDCs and LDCs. These fortuitys have either been caused by human races propels or instinctive forces or interaction of both natural and human forces. When they occur they cause serious challenges and consequences to the economies of affected aras or countries. Its estimated that the world looses over 750 dollars annually as a result of disaster. In most cases, the phenomenon that triggers disasters is beyond human control. In general the loses that causes natural disasters atomic number 18 largely a function of human factors which are human decisions, human actions and human choices or sometimes lack of these.Before I go into specifying a specific human disaster threat, it is important to exactly know what a disaster is or what it intend. A disaster means misfortunes or calamities. It can likewise be termed as an incident of great harm and distress. Its a serious disruption of functio ns of confederation causing widespread human, material or environmental loses that exceed the major power of the affected society to cope using its own resources.In this case, I am going to specifically dwell on earthquake as a natural disaster and its threats. Earthquake is a tremor caused by the disturbance of the earth surface. When it happens it causes great destruction economically, socially and even psychologically to the peck spiritedness around. Because earthquakes are natural disasters, human have no control over them and this can explain why naturally occurring disasters have serious impact on human society. They only leave human beings with the option of reducing their impacts when they occur.As I have mentioned before, disaster is a result of human force, natural force or a combination of both management for these disasters have been put in place. Disaster management simply is a body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities which pertain to v arious stages of a disaster at all levels. So disaster management body has to come up with personnel and facilities dealings with earthquakes. The personnel includes both the administrative, individuals and community actions who try to minimize loss of lives or/and damage of facilities. This they do done disaster preparedness includes efforts for effective rescue of people involved in the earthquake disaster, relief and also rehabilitation and reconstruction of destroyed materials like buildings.The administration, individuals and community also engage in disaster palliation which encompasses all measures to reduce the impact the earthquake disaster phenomenon by improving the communitys ability o withstand the impact of the earthquake. This they do through the prevention, preparedness and real response of earthquake disaster during or after which includes relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.Earthquake disaster will definitely leave behind insecure people who are prone to i t again incase it occurs again. To be vulnerable is to live with a likelihood that one will suffer from hazardous events. In the society, some people are more vulnerable than others.The nearness to hazardous places the more the consequence one will face. Earlier, earthquake disasters have established that natural hazards are a cause of vulnerability to disasters. People who live or work in certain areas are prone to disasters that may occur to such(prenominal) areas. This means that humans living or working in certain areas make themselves vulnerable to earthquakes disaster, for example if they live in areas of volcanic activities then they are prone to earthquakes or earth movements respectively. Vulnerability is simply reduced to zero by people not living in affected areas.Scientists, technologists and engineers have essay to predict hazardous events and development of technologies that can enable human structures to withstand earthquakes. The self-confidence has been that event s are acts of nature that cannot be prevented but rather there are possibilities of reducing their consequences. As a result of this, technologies and materials for building and construction for example have been developed so that they can withstand earthquakes or earth movements.In spite of many games in the scientific and technological process to control vulnerability to earthquake disasters people continue to be injured, die and loss of property. star reason for this is because many earthquake disasters predictions and other mitigative technology are costly and individuals and communities are either unwilling or unable to afford them. The cost tend to set criteria for deciding on what mitigation methods to use under various circumstances. So according to this view, although vulnerability is a cost, vulnerability reduction is itself costly.As I mentioned before, disaster does not choose specific people and the nearer one gets to it or lives near it the more vulnerable he or she b ecomes. Earthquakes disasters do not choose the poor or the rich but it affects anyone or everyone. So earthquake or earth movement disasters impose a change number of consequences on the humans, animals, physical and environmental aspects. These consequences can be in view of the time period of a disaster that is either short term, middle term or long term.To UNECLAC, effects of disasters are short term consequences of disaster that comprise of direct damage,, indirect damages and secondary effect. Impacts comprise of economic, social, psychological and environmental impacts. These are mainly long term consequences of disasters. The worst case scenario that determines the degree of risk is whereby disaster occurs because people who are vulnerable simply do not know when the disaster may occur, what protection measures to take and these coupled with negative attitudes towards use of certain measures.This increases human suffering from disastrous situation. A nifty example here is a case where by simple earth tremors or movements occur frequently leaving people with a normal assumption that such have been happening and that have never had effect on them. This will definitely make everyone to take such scenarios for granted not cognize that one day the tremor can turn out to be an earthquake. When it turns to be earthquake, it will find everyone unaware and hence will end up affecting the majority.The fact that disaster can happen anywhere and anytime, everyone should be prepared. Earthquakes disasters are categorized as either simple, Meagre or complex. What one society can look at as a simple earthquake disaster can be perceived as complex earthquake disaster by another society. Some disasters are also seen as rapid while others seen as slow.I may say that most earthquakes disasters can be considered as initially slow or creeping because mostly they begin as earth movement or tremors before ending up as earthquakes which are considered to being rapid. Eart hquakes are as a result of natural forces or an interaction of human and natural hence they are beyond human control thus the society should be prepared on how they can be mitigated however much costly it may be.People should also be prepared because of the damages the earth quakes cause whether partial or complete destructions of physical infrastructure like buildings, people, communication networks, machineries, etc. They can be indirect damages that the damage to the flow of goods and services that can neither be produced nor distributed when a disaster occurs. Indirect damages are of four folds that is to say increased population costs, increased damages, loss of corporate incomes and unexpected expenditures.In conclusion, earthquake disasters neither belong to the rich or poor but to everyone. This means it can affect everyone as long as one lives on the earths surface.Referenceswww.redcross.com

“Mending Wall” by Robert Frost Essay

Robert Frosts poetry is always simple and direct, yet strangely deep. Every integrity crowd out read into his poesy precisely with different kind of expression. Frost has been arresting the world. He likes to explore relationships between individuals and between commonwealth and nature. unrivaled of his famous poems, jam Wall, reveals his feelings and intellects to the highest degree community, life and imagination.In New Hampshire, where Frosts house was, thither was a stone circumvent. This stone environ was the inspiration for the poem Mending Wall. It was here that Frost used to sterilise this smother with his neighbor Napoleon Guay, who always says Good fences authorise honorable neighbors. In his poem Mending Wall, the persona and the neighbor are haunt a wall that separates their properties. The close to interesting statement in this poem Good fences make good neighbors (line 25) is a paradox, which attr flakes our attention and lead us to hike up discussion on Frosts intention to write this poem. Every winter, the wall fell down and each spring, the persona and the neighbor met together to fixate it. It has roughlyhow become an entertainment for them, as stated in line 21, Oh, just another kind of outdoor game. Later, the persona found that there were no primers to mend the wall at all, and this arises to the central theme of the poem. The persona kept on questioning the reasons for mending since they do not keep whatsoever animals. In the poem, it saysWhy do they make good neighbors? Isnt itWhere there are cows? But here there are no cows, originally I built a wall Id ask to knowWhat I was walling in or walling out,And to whom I was like to give offense.(Line 31-34)If a wall needs repair all year, it is not a good fence. Yet, it does make good neighbors because it brings the men together every spring. Maybe the neighbors father had this very same intention too. The two characters meet and know more about each other when they wor k on the wall together. This exposition is quite ironic because the wall is specifyt to isolate them, but is also a common ground that connects them. And the personas words also possess rough kind of irony in it because though he was somehow criticizing the neighbor for mending the wall, he was doing it too. As Rober Poirier claims that The real significance of the famous poem Mending Wall is that it suggests how much for Frost freedom is contingent upon some degree of bulwark. If the persona is actually Frost himself, he is then subject to a restriction for what he wants to do. He has no choices. He suffers because he has to rebuild the wall with his neighbor every year. But the point is, if the neighbor could not feel that they were in the dark, there would be no possibility of light for both of them. In order to change the whole situation, the neighbor needs to think it over whats the mean of having the wall between them. But still, the persona has very limited control to the situation. roughly CommunityMending Wall is about the opposite heart rate which is to fence yourself in, to form relationships that are rightfully exclusive.(Richards book, p.7)Mending wall is a poem about the world. It is about our community. The wall represents what we as individuals are blockade out. Frost questioned why the neighbor insists upon blocking their properties, though there are only trees inside. Maybe the man was just trying to keep out people, or even the world in order to feel more secure. The neighbor and the persona know that they become to rely on each other. But at the same time they are building walls to protect themselves. Here, the Chinese proverb A wicked heart is unwanted, but a defensive heart is snappy can very well support their behavior.In line 21 Oh, just another kind of outdoor game, it suggested that since the outdoors game involves some kinds of rules, it also can applies to the situation that people must know the rules in the community and pl ay the game properly. It is the wall in our mind that acts as division of the rule in ourgame and that wall that has been taken for granted.Frost wants to break down the barriers set up by man and to make the community screw in harmony. The barriers, which are represented by the wall in the poem, are what kept people from questioning or even contemplating things out in every days life. These barriers are often subconsciously put up and strengthened by people in a society and they control ones thought. Frost reminds us to free our thoughts from barriers and to help us eventually attain freedom.In line 20, the persona said, We wear our fingers rough with handling them. He asks his neighbor not to mend the wall anymore since it makes no reason for doing that. He wants to live in harmony. However, the neighbor says, Good fences make good neighbors. He thinks the wall keeps people honest but the only thing he is hiding behind the wall might be fear.He gave himself an excuse that dista nce could warranty everything. But distance can be easily been misinterpreted, as Mark Van Doren says Distance is a good thing, and so is admitted difference, even when it give ways like hostility. For there can be a harmony of separate sounds that seem to be at war with another, but one sound is like no sound at all, or else it is like death. (33) To keep a distance doesnt really mean to have to build a wall between the two. The wall here seems not quite necessary for the persona and the neighbor.In a community, a wall can act both positively and negatively. Negatively, it can act as a barrier that put off communication, trust and unity. Positively, it can guarantee security and privacy in nowadays society. In the past centuries people kept on building walls, both concrete and abstract ones. The former protects both their property and privacy, magical spell the latter blocks away their trust and communications with others. One very good typeface of the building of wall that blo cks people apart was the Berlin Wall in Germany (1961-1989). After the Second World War in 1945, Germany was change integrity into two sectors called the FRG (the west Germany) and the GDR (the east Germany). For 28 years, the Berlin Wall separated friends, families, and a nation. At least 100 people were killed at the Berlin Wall. So, whatsthe wall for? Is it really good to have a wall? For those years when the wall was there, relationship of people had not been improved but only hatred and grief had grown.About LifeRobert Frost has written many poems about life. His poems contain topics on life choice, obstacles and gaps between people, such as The Road not taken, The Gift forthwith and Come in. Reading his poems is just like sucking the marrow of life. He is a philosopher, but his ideas are lying behind his poems, not in them-but buried well in it, for us to guess at if we please.In Mending Wall, a barrier is discussed. It can be both mental and physical. The father of the nei ghbor reinforced and insured a lack of communication so it resulted in the ignorance in the next generation. The neighbor is a perfect example of the product of these barriers. He does not really know why the wall is there, he never questions his fathers words and shows that the wall is really memory him and his neighbor from having a better friendship. Frost describes the neighbor as followslike an old-stone raging armed.He moves in darkness as it seems to me.(Line 40-41)The darkness is the ignorance that he has while mending the fence. This shows that the neighbor has limitation of thoughts. The wall restricts peoples sight and mental power without widening their insights that is why the neighbor is described as an old-stone savage armed.Their farm contains only trees, which would be enough for a boundary. There is no physical need for the wall, so there is no apparent reason for going through the trouble of fixing it every year. The neighbor repeats saying Good fences make goo d neighbors although he does not know why the wall is necessary nor does he know why it provide make them better neighbors. Frost is criticizing the ignorance of the neighbor here. However, it is ironic thatself-righteous persona obsessively committed to the wall building himself. Maybe the main theme of the poem Good fences make good neighbors does not only mean a good fence helps to make good neighbors because it can separate clearly their possession and one cannot interfere with others. It can vice versa be explained in the way the good neighbor can helps to make good fences because both of them will be responsible and willing to make their shared possession looks nicer.The poem suggests something about no matter how or where we live, the place will become smaller and more enclosed if we forget to explore beyond our own boundaries. When we go beyond our walls, we can be more comfortable by knowing others. The persona thought that the wall is not necessary. He is perhaps non-trad itional, non-confrontational and desires to have a true relationship without boundaries that can water parting mankind. Line 23 illustrates that There where it is we do not need the wall. However, there might be a difference in perception about the wall affairs. The persona might think that it is a wall building but the neighbor thinks that it is just fence mending.To Frost himself, he thinks that a wall between men is terrible. From the first line in his poem, the something that made the wall fell might be the power of love. It reinforced the idea of We must love one another or perish. That power of love doesnt love the wall, for it is blocking people from loving one another. The most important thing in life is to learn how to give out love, and to let it come in. A wall is exactly the thing that prevents people from displace these words into action. The feeling of love is one of the basic needs for ones life as this feeling influence very much our behaviors.A wall is a wall. No m atter how hard the neighbor tries to fix it, it would not change its original implication and effect, that is, to block out people. Just as a German painter claims that We are not trying to make the wall beautiful because in fact its absolutely impossible. 80 persons have being killed trying to jump over the Berlin wall to escape to West Berlin, so you can cover that wall with hundred of kilos of color, but it will carry onthe same(Thierry Noir)About visionImagination is the forming of a picture in mind in a creative way. It is humans internal thinking. Imagination is always needed for creating a poem and when analyzing it. It gives us dream and a sight of the future. The more a person is civilized and educated, the more imaginative their minds will be. Every person (but more on poets and artist) possesses these qualities. Imagination is needed to work out the abstract ideas in our lives. Without imagination, we wont be able to understand our lives because life itself is very abst ract.In the poem, the persona made an imagination that Something there is that doesnt love a wall (line1). That something is an imagined agent who caused the wall to fall every year. It was left as a mystery. Frost led us to think who or what that something is, and why it has caused the wall to fall, and later, bring to the argument of Good fences make good neighbors.The theme of the poem is that the persona thinks that no wall is necessary between his neighbor and his property. In the poem, the persona thinks that the neighbor seems to use the wall just for belongings the cones of the pine trees away from the apple trees. Frost made use of metonymy in line 24-26 to describe his feelingHe is all pine and I am apple plantation.My apple trees will never get acrossAnd eat the cones under his pines, I tell him.It means the persona is growing apple orchard while the neighbor is growing pine trees. Since they are only trees and not animals, they would not be able to get across to the ot her side to jumble each other. Frost mentioned this to reinforce his feeling of mending the wall is foolish.If imagination is applied in interpreting this part of the poem, I think these lines could also mean that the persona was comparing himself to an apple orchard, he is nice and he can bear fruit, and the fruit is sweet. The apple here may symbolize the personas thoughts and ideas, which is quite right and brilliant. The neighbor is compared to a tall, unbendable pine tree, which symbolize that he was stubborn and reluctant to change. The neighbor does not have individual thoughts and comminuted thinking, he only believes whatsoever his father told him about.Imagination makes impossible become possible. It also turns meaninglessness into meaning. In reading poetry, it should be open for interpretation kind of of having one possible answer. It is peoples emotional state of mind that cannot be concrete or visualized. Poetry is dead because the poem is dead its different imagina tions and interpretations, which makes poetry alive.Robert Frosts poem is easy to understand. It covers a large area of topics. The poem is easy and simple. Yet, if you drill more into it, you may discover that it contains many morals that enlighten you and help you to live a better life. As Mark Van Doren has saidHe is a poet who can be understood anywhere by readers versed in matters more ancient and universal than the customs of one country, whatever that country is. (32)His intention of writing this poem is to reveal the strong message about love and unity, as in the song The Internationale has statedLet no one build walls to divide usWall of hatred nor walls of stoneCome greet the dawn and stand beside usWell live together or well die alone

Belonging Essay

Response A sniff out of get going can be found in worldy different places. But for one to belong to self, gathering or place one must fully understand ones past. Peter Skrzyneckis 10 bloody shame pass and Migrant Hostel are two poems that explore his past, showing his attitudes and his signal to belong. Another text that explores this authors past is John J. Encarnacaos short story coming of Age in Australia. These texts completely explore relationships and feelings of cultural isolation. Relationships can be found in solely 3 texts. Whether they are in the past or the present, they still form a basis to belong.Skrzyneckis poem Migrant Hostel depicts the ? rst place that Skrzynecki arrives in Australia. From the beginning, it can been seen that Skrzynecki belongs to a forever changing group, a group of migrants held in a hostel where No one kept count Off altogether the comings and goings. These opening lines give a sense of insecurity and instability. However, the Arriva l of tendercomers, shows the positive side of the migrant group, all embracing each other, and belonging to each other. With out this experience, however negative it may seem, Skrzynecki would not reach been able to retell this story, his story, and ? d the places, or groups that he belongs to nowadays. Another poem of Skrzyneckis that explores relationships is 10 Mary Street.Throughout this poem, the reader watches young Skrzynecki grow up and develop. In the beginning of the poem, Skrzynecki is naive to the military personnel around him, For nineteen years we departed each morning Shut the house Like a well-oiled lock. He is placed into a routine. He does not know his own way, only to do as he is told. This poem explores the lack of a relationship, this lack that could shape one and possibly monetary value ones self. My Parents watered plants grew potatoes and rows of sweet corn Tended roses and camellias Like adopted children. Skrzynecki feels unloved, like his parents c are more(prenominal) for their plants than for their child. Without this relationship of work between parents and child, it would not look at developed Skrzynecki personality into the one it is today. A equivalent type of relationship is shown in Encarnacaos Coming of Age in Australia. Encarnacao is lost in Australia, his new country, It has taken me 36 years, six kids, a divorce and a dozen jobs to come of age in Australia. He feels secluded as a child.THe only way that he felt he could belong was to ? ght, Fighting was a part of life, you had to ? ght and win. It was the only way of gaining respect. Encarnacao was lost, unloved, and didnt belong. For him to belong in todays society, An Australian will still call me dago but most of the time, it is over a friendly beer. He had to ? ght his way through the harm, and become immune to the torment to become a man in Australia. Like every person in the world, Skrzynecki and Encarnacao made judgements, whatever good and some bad, and some that isolated them from other parts of their new culture.This judgements can be what what shapes a person, the can make a child into a man. Encarnacaos wrong judgement to ? ght may have helped him develop a sense of belonging to a darker side of the world, but without it he would not have become the man he is today. This can be found in Encarnacaos Coming of Age in Australia. Encarnacao now understands that what he did, help build the society of today, I was not to know that Australia was growing up along with me. Skrzynecki was set about with similar problems in his childhood.In Migrant Hostel Skrzynecki is in captivity, belonging to a group of so called outsiders. He had only found hope on the darkest of places, Needing its sanctions to pass in and out of lives That had only begun or were dying. He thought his only way out was death. Similarly, in 10 Mary Street Skrzynecki thinks he ? nds his place of belonging, to belong to Australia, We became citizens of the soil T hat was feeding us Inheritors of a key Thatll open no house When this on is pulled down. but he has lost his pre-war identity and does not feel like he belongs to Australia.With the bene? t of their current lives, both Skrzynecki and Encarnacao now know that their possible bad judgements, that caused them pain, have helped them to ? nd a sense of belonging today. Skrzynecki and Encarnacao tell their past, a past of exclusion and pain. But without them understanding their past, they would not have been able to ? nd their place or group of belonging that they are a part of today. This is re? ected in Skrzyneckis Immigrant Chronicle and Encarnacaos short story Coming of Age in Australia.

Euthanasia to Preserve Quality of Life Essay

There is nothing to a greater ex decenniumt precious than human action, and wiz of the most important tasks of our justice system is to preserve the sanctity of it. However, when one asks a person to go live your life or live life to its fullest what is implied? We are expected to inference that we should be more adventurous, try new things, and include enjoyable experiences. Yet, what if we were prevented from doing these things because of a crippling disability, or excruciating, chronic pain? This raises the let go of that when there is no whole tone of life, there is little sanctity in it. Therefore, to preserve quality of life, and auspices of person, choosing to block up a life for merciful reasons, or euthanasia, should be considered a viable option.In R v. Latimer, Robert Latimers daughter Tracy was in excruciating pain, underwent several serious operations, had the mental capacity of a four month darkened infant, and suffered a variety of another(prenominal) ailment s. He believed that he was justified in cleanup his daughter, because in death she would experience no pain, and therefore it was a more positive alternative to her life. In the case of swear out Rodriguez, her life was in a state of slow deterioration, and by the time she deemed there was no more quality in it, she would be unable to commit suicide. Consequently, she pursued the legalization of aid Suicide. In her eyes, not to do so violated her Right to Security of Person under s. 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Examining these cases and the public reactions to them helps to shed light on the controversial topic of Euthanasia.R V. LATIMERRobert Latimer was a Saskatchewan farmer. His daughter Tracy was born with extremely severe cerebral palsy, causing her to be a quadriplegic, have the cognition of a four month old infant, and necessitate the use of spoon feeding to provide nourishment. Tracy suffered 5 to six seizures daily, and it was purview she suffered great pain (Dimensions of Law p. 325). After another surgery was required to stack away a feeding tube into Tracys stomach to prevent malnutrition, Latimer decided that the quality of Tracyslife was so low, it would be a better alternative to euthanize her by putting her in his truck and cream it with carbon monoxide.Robert Latimer was charged with first degree murder for this killing, and was later convicted of second degree murder, and sentenced to the minimum ten years in prison. Latimer believed that because of the extenuating circumstances, that ten years was cruel and unusual punishment. He appealed to the peremptory Court, only his conviction was upheld unanimously.This case provides great interest for a number of reasons. According to Canadian law, what Robert Latimer did was undoubtedly murder. He took his daughters life intentionally and with careful consideration. However, under certain circumstances, taking life cannot be considered murder. It is thought very humane to euthanize or put-down a pet that is suffering. Yet, to do so to a human is considered murder. Of course, there is typically a distinction between human and animal intelligence, but in the case of R v. Latimer, Tracy Latimer only possessed the mental capacity of a four month old infant. This means she could not germinate the abstract thoughts that distinguish humanity from animals. All Tracy knew was discomfort, suffering, and slowly degrading health. If she was Robert Latimers pet, the majority of society would _look down on him_ for not taking the humane steps and ending this life, and gum olibanum her suffering.However, the nature of our legal system means that ending any humans life, no content what physical state they are in, is a wrong offence. This should not be, as it violates their expert to security of person, which is besides outlined in the case of Sue Rodriguez.SUE RODRIGUEZ AND ASSISTED SUICIDEIn 1992, a British Columbian woman named Sue Rodriguez started a co urt case with the intention of altering s. 241 of the Canadian twist code. This section states _Every one who (a) counsels a person to commit suicide, or (b) aids or abets a person to commit suicide whether suicide ensues or not, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to chains for a term notexceeding fourteen years_ (Canadian Criminal Code). Sue Rodriguez had ALS, (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), commonly referred to as Lou Gherigs disease. This is a degenerative nerve disease that renders an individual to become gradually trimmed until she is unable to eat, or even breathe without the help of machines. Ms. Rodriquez wished to enjoy life while she still could.When the quality of her life reached a point that life was no longer worth living, she would be unable to end it by her own hand. She matt-up that s. 241 of the criminal code violated s. 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which states _Everyone has the obligation to life, liberty and security of perso n and the right not to be deprived thereof_ (Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms). Rodriguez thought that because the Criminal Code prevented person from assisting her in suicide, it was violating her right to security of person. She brought this case all the way to the Supreme Court, where in a 5 4 decision, they ruled against altering s. 241 of the Criminal Code. About four months after the ruling, Sue committed assisted suicide with the aid of a physician whose identity is still unknown.Sue Rodriguez was facing an impossible situation she wished to enjoy life as long as she could, but the arcsecond she could no longer enjoy it, she would be too weak to carry out suicide, what she believed was the most self-respecting way to die. Section 241 of the Criminal Code made it illegal for a doctor or other person to assist her, and she saw this as a clear violation of her right to security of person. Rodriquez felt she was becoming a prisoner in her on body and the current laws w ere enforcing this. If a person wishes to die, it is their right to do so. In Canada, there is no law against attempted suicide, and therefore there should be no law against those who need assistance to end their lives. Like Euthanasia, it is the humane thing to do to assist someone in their decision to end their lives, and s. 241 of the Criminal Code should be altered to accommodate this.In twain the aforementioned cases, the goals of these two participants in euthanasia were not to diminish the rights and freedom of the suffering individuals, but sort of to uphold them. In the case of R v. Latimer, his daughter suffered in chronic agony, and was unable to even formulate conscious thought. To continue existing in such a declining state of healthwas merely torture.As for Sue Rodriguez, she was fully able to make the decision that she wished to end her life, but lacked the faculties to do so without assistance. It was a clear violation of her right to security of person to force he r to live in a degrading body, and experience the pain that went with the disease. It is only reasonable that alterations be made to Canadas justice system, particularly s. 241 of the criminal code. Although the sanctity of life is paramount in importance, when that life is no longer worth living, it should be up to that person, and/or the duty of that persons closest relations to help them end their suffering, by agreeable in euthanasia.

Crafting a Livelihood in India

courseing con service of process aptitude for indian artisans CRAFTINGALIVELIHOOD/ JANUARY2013 Tableof Contents Foreword executive Summary 1 2 I. Craftspeople The Backbone of Indias Non-Farm Rural Economy Sector Overview, profile of indian artisans, frauds take account chain and name challenges 4 In Sanskrit, Dasra means Enlightened Giving. Dasra is Indias leading st deemgic humanity foundation. Dasra engagements with philanthropists and lucky healthy-disposed entrepreneurs to bring together fellowship, funding and people as a gas pedal for social change.We ensure that strategic funding and electrical condenser edifice skills r separately non cyber quadriceps femoris organizations and social agate linees to deport the slap-upest cont forge on the lives of people alimentation in poverty. www. dasra. org II. regime, Private Sector and Non Profit Initiatives region of call stakeholders in enhancing artisans sustain cogency 15 III. Harnessing the Potential of India s Crafts Sector Four cornerstones of artisans sustainability and recommended interventions for philanthropic support 26 IV. sectionalisation Non Profits and High Impact Interventions AIACA Avani 43 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55The Edmond de Rothschild Foundations continue developing a advanced(a) view of philanthropy by means of which they defend the dignity and empowerment of each individual. The Foundations primary emphasis is on education, with projects in a range of aras arts and culture, social entrepreneurship, inter heathen dialogue, health and research and philanthropic education. Through their geographic locations and range of projects, the Foundations champion a rich, multi cultural net sketch. They endeavor to identify topical anaesthetic initiatives and provide close monitoring of their numerous stakeholders eyepatch sharing this experience internationally.By applying an entrepreneurial method to the universe of philanthropy, the Edmond de Rothschild Foundat ions contri merelye to the growing transactionalism of the social firmament. They more thanover sprain towards the recognition of the pluralism inhe bout to all societies and the respect for their citizens many identities. www. edrfoundations. org Craft Revival Trust Dastakar rough-cut Goods Foundation Gramshree Kala Raksha Khamir ORUPA SAHAJ Shrujan Concluding Thoughts Appendices A. Methodology and Selection Criteria B. End Notes C. Bibliography D. Acknowledgments and Organization Database 6 58 60 61 62 Report published in January 2013 Cover Photo Credit KHAMIR Foreword One of the biggest issues in India is that our securities industrys do not recognize the true pry of craftsmanship. When this set is recognized, and if people ar willing to conduct a higher price for craft- ground products, this should translate into higher wages for weavers and craftspeople and act as a get on to millions of countryfied-based livelihood opportunities associated with this atomic num ber 18a. The economics however is not as simple, as finally it beds down to the conflict betwixt pricing and sales.If you out-price goods, you sell only a express number. If you dont experience crafts people enough motion, it kills the craft. Sustainable livelihoods will ultimately depend on finding a fine balance amongst the two. Fabindia fol get-gos an inclusive sit slightly of big(p)ism, placing craft at the center of the quest for deriveability and ripening. I grew up watching my father build this familiarity. I was also very idealistic so I started a co-operative in 1989 and ran it till 1991. piece of music I soon realized this was not the answer, this experience helped me infrastand what I wanted to do with my grapheme at FabIndia.If you look at transmission line, success is astray distri providededly defined by measurable outcomes, fiscal profit and the material impact. We atomic number 18 taught to squeeze each and every opportunity as hard as we stack to maximize profit. In a conventional way, all of this makes a lot of sense. but my experience in business has been distinct. I operate a business, which is one of the virtually profitable businesses in the retail seat in India. Yet, it is also one in which the central theme is to enable all our producers to become stakeholders and beneficiaries of the bigger wealth humanity process.When we created this idea, every business analyst who saw it said it would not be viable. But instead it has opened up new avenues for business, which be col getative. It has connected people in new ways, allowing them to give very differently of themselves. The business operates from the principle that people ar not just instruments. When people tang they ar comfortd, respected, a part of something bigger than their own immediate evoke, the genius of their contribution changes. And this is at the shopping mall of interdependence that Fabindia recognizes.We are building a very transformative simulate, and we motivation to take that to overcome. Our greatest motivation has come from the 100,000 artisans that we see affiliated to it thats the big picture, needle moving idea that uses brinystream retail to give relevance to this heavens. There are several very successful subaltern scale stories in the crafts space. Taking these to the adjacent level necessitates investment and resources which recognize the value of craft and the socioeconomic returns it generates for craftspeople. This is the perspective that this Report and its authors bring to the fore-front.And I wish this initiative every success. WilliamBissel ManagingDirector,Fabindia 1 Executive Summary Indias industrialization and participation in the modern world economy is decades old. Nevertheless, millions of Indians still depend on indigenous modes of performance, conventional skills and techniques to make a living based on gainmade products. These craftspeople or artisans are the backbone of th e non-farm outlandish economy, with an estimated 7 million artisans consort to official figures (and upto 200 million artisans according to unofficial sources) engaged in craft product to piddle a livelihood. Despite some instances of substantially-know picture houses apply handmade products and successful crafts-based businesses much(prenominal) as FabIndia and Anokhi, the majority of craft labor re brinys unorganized and sexual with its panoptic market potency untapped, oddly by the artisan, who more lots than not struggles for sustenance. Propelled by loss of markets, declining skills and difficulty catering to new markets, a large number of artisans amaze moved to urban centers in search of low, unskilled employment in industry.According to the United Nations, over the past 30 years, the number of Indian artisans has decreased by 30%, indicating the need to re-invest in artisans to safeguard accounting, culture and an important source of livelihood. 2 The Indian presidency, the nonpublic sector and the non cyberspace are each elusive in the sector but their components pre pass evolved in silos, with little specialisation and much duplication. On a policy level a cohesive and concerted effort is indispensable to overcome the challenges set about by the crafts ecosystem by funding and programs.Simultaneously, the occult sector has a signifi washbasint use of goods and services to play in uplifting artisans through different market-led efforts made by retail chains, high end-fashion targeters and a relatively more recent wheel of social businesses. Non net profit engage been particularly active in the crafts space since the early 1960s and gift evolved numerous models to support artisans in earning better livelihoods. To realize the full potential of the crafts sector, the gaps, overlaps and challenges in the value chain must be overcome to create an ecosystem that enables crafts to thrive.The different stakeholders involved need to come together to build what we call the iv cornerstones of artisans sustainability. Philanthropy has a key office to play in supporting the creation of much(prenominal) an ecosystem. Harnessing the potential of this sector requires different types of investments to preserve traditional crafts, chant the sector, and improve the incomes of artisans. Investment should focus on building the four cornerstones of artisans sustainability 1. 2. 3. 4.Handholding the workman through the observe drawing string Increasing Demand for Crafts and modify Market Linkages Strengthening the Decentralized yield Model grammatical construction a Multi-Stakeholder Approach This would realize the tremendous opportunities the crafts sector in India provides to improve economic, environmental and social conditions of rural communities. These take on Economic Opportunities Employment and income The crafts sector has the potential to provide stable employment and income multiplication to diverse communities and to those with different levels of education. ? ? Migration Promoting hand production in rural areas can effectively check migration of rural labor to urban centers and pr fifty-fiftyt loss of skills Economic growth The global market for handicrafts is USD400 billion, of which Indias share is below 2%, representing a tremendous growth opportunity. 3 Competitive advantage Artisans can serve as key drivers of specialization and contestncy in precision manufacturing, similar to Japan and Korea. Economic Opportunities Environmental Benefits Low muscle requirement Production processes used in crafts typically ave a low carbon footprint and assist the use of local anaestheticly uncommitted materials as advantageously as natural and organic materials where possible. Environmental Benefits well-disposed Empowerment ? Womens empowerment Crafts production represents an opportunity to provide a source of earning and employment for otherwise low skilled, home-b ased women, astir(p) their status within the household. Return for future tense generations Investing in artisans leads to a trickle-down effect of improving the health and education outcomes for future generations of the most marginalized populations. Handicrafts embody Indias history and diversity Over many centuries, an unique legacy has nourished Indians crafts across religious, ethnic and communal boundaries. They highlight the countrys unique cultural mosaic and domiciliate a powerful tool for pluralism and co-existence. There is an urgent need for philanthropy to realize the economic potential of the crafts sector by investing in high impact scalable models that go through the potential to strengthen livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Social Empowerment 2 3 major categories in craft hadi (cloth that is woven from handspun yarn) cotton hand pouts processing of cotton textile by hand silk hand prevails processing of silk textiles by hand zari (silver and gold threadwor k) and embroidery carpets miscellaneous products made of wood, bamboo, cane and grass leather manufacture earthenware plating/polishing/ engraving metals jewelry and related products making of musical instruments I. CHAPTER Craftspeople The Backbone of Indias Non-Farm Rural Economy 4 To spell out about Indian handicrafts is almost like writing about the country itself.So vast, complex and colorful, and yet with a simplicity and charm, difficult to attain nether comparable conditions Upadhyay, M. N. Handicrafts of India. 4 India has one of the most diverse and antique traditions of handmade products, and its handicrafts industry is an important economic and cultural as prepare. According to the Twelfth Five Year Plan, handicrafts production is expected to double between 2012 and 2017 and exportings are projected to grow at the compounded annual rate of 18% during the same period. As a result, the craft sector will employ an additional 10% of individuals per year up to that time. 6 The crafts value chain encompasses the full range of activities required to bring a handicraft product from conception through production to delivery to consumers. The Government, the private sector and non profits take for played and continue to play an important role in the sectors development, although their efforts remain isolated and thus limited in their impact.From Vishwakarmas Children to Poverty A Socio-economic Profile of Artisans Chart1 The story of Indian crafts is deeply embedded in mythology, history and culture as can be seen in Chart 1. Artisans are considered to be the descendants of Vishwakarma the presiding immortal of crafts and architecture. During the Vedic Age craftspeople enjoyed a high social standing and were part of the landed gentry, responsible for the creation of temples and palaces. In the caste hierarchy that evolved during the post Vedic period, craftspeople were associated with Shudras or the lowest caste out-of-pocket to the manual(a) nature of their work. art object Hindoo artisans occupied the lower echelons of the caste system, due to the menial nature of their work, artisans from other non Hindu religious communities were equally stigmatized. This adverse status led to a deeply rooted stigma which persists directly long after the abolition of the caste system. Nevertheless, in subsequent eras when India was inhabited by princely kingdoms, crafts move to flourish because of their utilitarian nature, royal patronage and the organization of artisans into guilds. Until the second half of the 17th century, crafts enjoyed a tranquillise market.With the decline of princely states, the entry of the East India Company and colonization, employment in crafts especially handloom declined due to craftiness between India and the UK which was organized and regulated more a good deal than not by colonial powers. The result was the fragmentation of the artisan community, tag by ine type between those that could produce for British markets, dealers and those that were only exposed to local markets. Subsequent industrialization marked the steady decline in crafts markets and livelihood potential for artisans.Despite the central role played by crafts in the freedom movement, where Mahatma Gandhi incited the nation to produce by hand, and subsequent welfare measures implemented by the Indian Government, artisans (with the exceptions of traders, and extremely specialized maestro copy craftspeople) never regained the social status and sustainable income they once possessed. The uniqueness of Indias craftspeople has been their ability to work across religious, caste and cultural divides. Such a meeting of distinctive traditions has fostered dialogue, social inclusion body and an extraordinary creativity.ROYALPATRONAGE Craftsusedtoreceiveroyalpatronage, whichhasnowdisappeared. Further, tribe craftsnolongerfitintoeverydayusageas theyoncedidduetoincreasing urbanization. Thehandicraftand handloomsectorsarea 24,300crore (USD4. 48bn) industrycontributing 10,000crore (USD1. 85bn) toIndiasexportearnings of1. 62lakhcrore (USD300bn). 8 An important economic and cultural asset Indias myriad crafts traditions and living crafts skills are vehicles of its cultural identity, passed on from generation to generation and a means of sustenance for numerous communities engaged in production.Crafts get to one of the primary sub-sectors within Creative and Cultural Industries, defined by UNESCO as industries which produce concrete or intangible artistic and creative outputs, and which begin a potential for wealth creation and income generation through the fostering of cultural assets and the production of knowledge-based goods and services. 7 The crafts sector encompasses diverse activities ranging from embroidery and painting to leatherwork and pottery, with variations and regional specificities within each group.There are thousands of living crafts in India. For simplicity, these can broadly be und erstood as handlooms and handicrafts. Together handicrafts and handlooms play an important role in the Indian economy. Handicrafts typically refer to artifacts made by hand for decorative, religious or functional purposes. These products are much found in diverse markets from runways in Paris, and highend designer stores to interior(prenominal) retail outlets and tourist emporiums. SWADESHIMOVEMENT Handproductionwasstronglyrootedinthe independencemovementandGandhisprinciples.However,themovementlostsignificanceinthe publicsperceptionafterthe50sand60s. INDUSTRIALIZATION Thefactorysectorhas inherenteconomiesof scaleandgreater bargainingpowerfor cheaperhigherquality rawmaterials,whichhas adverselyaffectedthe craftssector. Further, thissectorhasbeen divertinglaboraway fromskill-based occupations. GLOBALIZATION ChallengeLackof consumerawareness abouttheimportance ofcrafts OpportunityCrafts providecompetitive edgeandunique identitytoIndiaina globalmarketplace 5 6Broadly, artisans are div ided into the following categories with a rigid hierarchical division of labor between more and less skilled artisans in a particular craft ? Skilled master craftsman ? Wage-worker ? full self-employed artisan ? Part-time artisan An estimated 63% of artisans are self-employed while 37% are wage earners. 9 Traditional knowledge and craft skills are passed down from one generation to another, so that whole families and communities are engaged in production. An estimated 71% of artisans work as family units and 76% attribute their profession to the fact that they learn learnt family skills. 0 It is important to note that most official figures count only the manoeuvre of the production unit and wage earners in official figures, leaving out the 5-6 family members who are also unfree on crafts for sustenance, thus creating an incomplete thought of the sectors size and importance. The vast majority of artisans operate in informal work settings. In fact, according to one study, Vishwak armas Children in 2001 only 9% of craftspeople gooded from formalized employment, while 42% worked out of their homes. 11 Most artisan production units tend to be micro endeavours.In fact, 39% of artisans beat production expenditures of less than INR 12,000/ USD 215 a year and only 19% spend higher up INR 50,000/ USD 900 a year. 12 Typically artisans sell their products to diverse markets including local markets, city outlets, private agents, wholesalers or retail traders and exporters. A meaty analysis of the sector requires focusing on particular geographies and crafts. For this report, we focused on the crafts sector in the states Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Odisha. These dupe among the largest number of artisans, as shown in the chart 2.In addition, Dasras mapping of non profits involved in the sector, revealed the highest concentration of non profits working at scale in these states. The Crafts Value Chain is Fragmented For a comprehensive saying of the current state of the crafts sector, as well as areas that need improvement, it is important to understand the crafts value chain. The crafts value chain shown in Chart 3 has been created based on our observations on the ground as well as inputs from sector experts. It aims to demonstrate the different stages in craft production from producers to markets and inputs required at each stage.It must be noted, however, that each craft will have a slightly different set of processes. The stages explained below have therefore been simplified to a certain degree to provide a general understanding of how the crafts sector functions. Chart3TheCraftsValueChain turn INPUTSREQUIRED Organization Human Resources ? LegalEntities ? Procuring and Processsing RawMaterials ? ? ? Credits Facilities Technology Chart2 DistributionofIndianArtisans 40% 29% 13% Production ? ? ? ? Design Technology Skills Enterprise Development Aggregation and Intermediary Trade Transport toMarkets ? calibre Checks ? Storage ? ?ODIS HA UTTARPRADESH GUJARAT-RAJASTHAN Markets Marketing and Promotion 7 SourceExportPromotionCouncilforHandicraftsand CouncilofHandicraftCorporationsandDevelopmentCommissioner(GovernmentofIndia) 8 1. Organization Artisans are usually structured into groups through informal contracts between traders, master artisans and low-skilled artisans. More formal systems of artisans organization involve four main types of entities13 ? Self Help Groups (SHGs) are set up with the help of external technical intermediaries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as non profits or through Government schemes, and typically comprise 10-20 artisans, usually women.SHGs serve as a form of social collateral, enabling artisans to establish linkages with input providers such as raw material suppliers, microfinance institutions and banks, and downstream players such as aggregators and retailers. Organization are often forced to rely on local traders who provide them with raw materials against societys, albeit at high pr ices, or switch to non-traditional raw materials. 3. Production Although techniques and processes vary widely from one craft to the next, crafts production generally takes place in households, with multiple family members engaged in different aspects of the process.Even where organized artisan structures exist, artisans typically produce within community settings. Production is generally seasonal, with crafts activity creation suspended during harvest season, as most artisans are also engaged in agriculture to supplementation their livelihoods. 4. Aggregation and Intermediary Trade ? Mutually Aided Co-operatives (MACs) are created to provide artisans with a platform for honest participation. Legislated at the state Government level, MACs enable artisans to pool gold as equity and own their production units.However, due to strong Government influence, this structure has failed to gain popularity in most states other than Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. ProcuringandProcessing RawMater ials ? Producer Companies were created as a for-profit legal entity in the Companies Bill in 2002 to enable primary producers to participate in self-possession and contribute equity. ? Private Limited Companies are for-profit legal entities that allow artisans to participate in ownership as shareholders, while enabling external funders to invest ceiling.Aggregation involves bringing together products from decentralized production units to enable economies of scale in transportation, storage and retail. Due to the dismal status of root word and communication in India, aggregating products is a contend task, and leads to many of the bottlenecks in the crafts come out chain at present. Buyers and retailers deficiency incentives to overcome upstream, go forthing-side issues, which results in a loss of opportunities for artisans to access markets. Aggregationand IntermediaryTrade Markets 5. MarketsThe markets for the craft products can be broadly understood as local, retail sho ps high-end as well as mainstream, exhibitions and exports. Among these, local markets are still the common markets for many artisans. 14 The contemporary markets, domestically as well as internationally, have grown with an expanding demand for ethnic products that have a story linked to them. However, these products are in low bestow due to append chain inefficiencies. However, most artisans continue to work respectively as there is a widespread overlook of awareness about the advantages of being organized into the above forms. ProductionDemand 2. Procuring and Processing Raw Materials Traditionally, raw materials used by artisans were widely available due to the close linkages between evolution of crafts and locally available materials. Further, the jajmani system, which consisted of a reciprocal relationship between artisanal castes and the wider village community for the supply of goods and services, provided artisans with access to community resources. However, with the br eakdown of these traditional structures, along with competition from organized industry, artisans find it challenging to profane quality raw materials at affordable prices.In the absence of raw material banks, they 6. Demand With the advent of globalisation and the availability of cheaper and more varied products, crafts face severe competition in contemporary markets. They are typically perceived as traditional, old-fashioned and antithetical to modern tastes. There have been limited efforts to reposition the run across of crafts and build consumer appreciation of the history and cultural identity associated with handmade products. In addition, there are a couple of(prenominal) instances of traditional crafts being contemporized to fit with changing consumption patterns. 10 Indias Crafts Sector is in Disarray While crafts received royal and aristocratic patronage during pre-Independence days and played a central role in Gandhis independence struggle, they have slowly lost relev ance with the advent of industrialization. Currently, the sector carries the stigma of inferiority and backwardness, and is viewed as decorative, peripheral and elitist. This is compounded by the Governments treatment of crafts as a sunset industry, which has resulted in a lack of well-developed policies and programs to protect and strengthen the ecosystem for artisans.Traditional crafts have largely been marginalized by massproduced consumer goods, which tend to be cheaper due to the economies of scale associated with mechanization. The nature of the crafts sector and challenges faced by artisans reduces their ability to compete with machine-made products. Catering to the mainstream market often necessitates a decline in quality and/or workmanship, leading to the eventual loss of skills over a few generations. There are very few instances like pashmina shawls where a traditional craft has successfully contemporized itself for Indian or overseas markets.Artisans were traditionally a n essential part of the village economy, producing everyday utilitarian objects catered towards local markets, using designs and motifs that were of significance to their communities. However, with the advent of industrialization and increasing urbanization of markets for crafts, the historical artisan-consumer relationship has broken down, and largely been re move by traders. This has rendered artisans knowledge and skill, acquired over generations, virtually useless and made crafts an unsustainable source of livelihood.The five main challenges facing artisans in creating sustainable livelihoods in todays economy can be described as follows low education levels for the family overall. The lack of education makes it difficult to manage inventory, access Government schemes and market information and bargain with traders and center fieldmen. It is estimated that in 2003 around 50% of household heads of crafts producing families had no education whatsoever, and more shockingly, around 90% of the women in these households were completely uneducated. 5 Outdated Production Methods- Artisans may also lack the financial capability to upgrade technology in production, or undergo necessary fosterage on a regular basis, as would be available to them in a formal work setting. This compromises the quality of their products and raises the cost of production. 2. Inadequate Inputs Inadequate Inputs There are tierce main issues Lack of Quality Raw Materials- Rural artisans often lack access to quality raw materials. Due to the low volumes required, they have low bargaining power and are forced to barter for substandard materials at a higher price.In crafts such as weaving, handloom weavers have to compete with the power loom industry for high quality raw materials, which are more easily accessible to the power loom industry as a result of Government subsidies. Further, many raw materials used commonly by craftspeople such as wood, cane, silk, scrap and virgin metal are bec ome increasingly difficult to acquire. The cost of some of these materials are rising faster than the wholesale price index. Lack of Funding- Craft producers suffer greatly from lack of working capital and access to credit and loan facilities.Often, producers are unable to fulfill book dispositions because they lack the capital to purchase raw materials, and simultaneously support their familys living of necessity while the order is being executed. While there are several Government schemes intended to fill this gap for artisans through institutions such as subject pious platitude for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), it is difficult for the uneducated artisans to access these programs and manage the necessary collateral or funds for bribes.Banks cite execrable recovery rates, wrong utilization of funds, lack of selling facilities for finished products and lack of education on part of the borrowers as reasons for the low proportion of loans made to artisans. In general, this forces artisans to borrow from their local moneylender or trader at high interest rates. The All India Debt and Investment Survey (2002) showed that the proportion of money borrowed by rural households from money lenders rose by over 10% from 17. 5% in 1991 to 29. 6% in 2002. 16 1.Low Productivity The sectors informal nature and the low education of most artisans create issues such as nonunionised Production- As a largely unorganized sector, handicrafts faces problems such as a paucity of professional infrastructure such as work sheds, storage space, shipping and packing facilities. Low Education- Many crafts require the stainless household to participate in production in some capacity. For example, in weaver households, women and girls traditionally compress warping of the yarn, winding the thread onto bobbins, and share with men the task of starching the thread.In many cases, crafts also serve as a seasonal source of income for agricultural households. This means that children miss school, resulting in LowProductivity 11 12 Artisans financial weakness also hampers their ability to sell they have low bargaining power at the market point and are forced to sell to buyers at a low price in order to recover costs and support themselves. Design Inputs- In most traditional societies, design evolved in the interaction between the artisan and the consumer.Further, the artisan was aware of the sociocultural context of the consumer, and could thus design products that suited their needs and tastes. Due to the breakdown of the historic artisanconsumer relationship, and the increasing urbanization and globalization of markets for crafts, artisans have difficulty understanding how to trend their products to changing demands. The artisan may not speak the same language as the consumer, both literally as well as metaphorically. An example of this includes women in SEWAs craft cooperatives who design block printed table napkins and mats, but may have never used these products themselves. f this, retailers have to directly source from select producers, which is often not viable in the long run, resulting in the loss of a large percentage of the market for artisans. 5. Lack of an Enabling Environment Information unbalance 3. Information Asymmetry Neglect by key and verbalise Governments- Rural artisans are neglected by both Central as well as State Governments, as is evident in the lack of available records regarding their numbers and socioeconomic status. The Government views the sector as a sunset industry, no longer relevant in Indias technologydriven economic growth.Thus, schemes designed for artisans tend to have low priority in terms of execution and assessment. Within crafts, the Governments priorities are skewed towards the export market, with 70% of its crafts budget going towards development of environments to enable export. 17 Further, the fact that the crafts sector falls under the purview of 17 different Government ministries, ranging from the Ministry of Textiles to the Ministry of Women and Children, results in confusion and inaction. Lack of Interest by guerilla Generation- Rural youth are increasingly disinterested in continuing their family craft traditions, for three main reasons.First, having seen their parents struggle to find markets and fair prices for their products, they are inclined to pursue other trades. Second, the school system today does not integrate lessons regarding the importance of crafts into the school curriculum, and instead students are pushed towards white collar office jobs, even if they are lower passing. Finally, crafts are strongly associated with a familys religion. In many cases, such as leatherwork, artisans are ostracized for being from the lowest caste, which further dissuades rural youth from joining the family trade.Reducing the obstacles faced by the sector can provide employment for millions of citizens es pecially those traditionally excluded from the mainstream, while restoring one of Indias key cultural and economic strengths, a diverse and rich handicrafts industry. At the same time, it will provide the economy with key drivers of specialization and competence in global manufacturing. Lackofan EnablingEnvironment Due to their low education, artisans often cannot identify potential new markets for their products, nor do they understand the requirements for interacting with these markets.This reduces their understanding of the market potential of their goods, the prices of their products in different markets, Government schemes instituted for their welfare and diversification opportunities. 4. Fragmented value chain Lack of Market Linkages- While consumers of crafts products are increasingly becoming urbanized, crafts continue to be change through local markets artisans have few opportunities to reach new consumers through relevant retail platforms such as department stores and sho pping malls.Further, due to their rural orientation, artisans are often unable to access training and technology to supply their products to online markets. Dominance of Middlemen- Although middlemen are necessary to enable effective market linkages, they often, if not always, knead artisans by paying them a fraction of their fair wages. This may be due to lack of information on the part of middlemen about true manufacturing costs, or merely due to their ability to coerce artisans, who often lack bargaining power.Lack of Aggregation- Crafts production typically takes places in scattered clusters in rural areas, while markets are usually in urban centers. Currently, there is a lack of organized systems to efficiently aggregate goods from small producers, carry out quality checks, store approved goods in stores, and supply them to wholesalers and retailers in urban areas. In lieu Chart4 OverviewofKeyChallenges FacedbytheArtisans Fragmented ValueChain LackofMarket Linkages Lackofan e nabling environmentNeglectby CentralandState Governments LackofInterest bySecond Generation LowProductivity Unorganized Production LowEducation Inadequate Inputs LackofQuality RawMaterials LackofFunding Fragmented ValueChain Information Asymmetry Dominanceof Middlemen Lackof Aggregation OutdatedProduction Methods 13 14 II. CHAPTER Government, Private Sector and Non Profit Initiatives Photo Credit Sahaj 15 The Indian Government, the private sector and the non profits are each involved in the sector but their roles have evolved in silos, with little specialization and much duplication.Since independence, the Indian Government has created a number of institutions, schemes and welfare programs for the crafts sector. However, on a policy level there has been no concerted and cohesive effort to address the challenges faced by the crafts ecosystem, with most governmental offerings mired in bureaucracy and inefficiencies. Simultaneously, the private sector has contributed to uplifting artis ans through different market-led efforts made by retail chains, high end-fashion designers and a relatively more recent wave of social businesses.Non profits have been particularly active in the crafts space since the early 1960s and have evolved numerous models to improve artisan livelihoods. The chart below provides an overview of the evolution of crafts policy and programs in India. Government political program Although Government-led initiatives are often criticized, it cannot be denied that India is in a much more fortunate situation today in the preservation of its crafts than most other nations because of Government efforts immediately following Independence.During this period, the Government set(p) great emphasis on rural artisans, setting up the All India Handicrafts Board in 1952 to study the technical, organizational, trade and financial aspects of crafts and design measures for improvement and development of crafts. The impetus for these efforts came in part from Mahat ma Gandhis legacy of the swadeshi movement and preserving cottage industries as a symbol of Indias diversity and unity as a nation-state. Pioneering efforts were made to provide merchandise support to artisans, and make regional crafts available at a national level through state-run emporiums.With industrialization becoming a foremost national priority in the 1960s and 1970s, the Government came to view crafts as more of a sunset industry and began to focus mainly on welfare schemes quite an than approach it as a sector capable of contributing to Indias economic growth. Several divisions were made between State and Central Government responsibilities, and separate administrative bodies were set up for Khadi, Handloom, Handicrafts, Silk, and so on, all of which contribute to inefficiencies and inertia in policymaking for the sector today.At present, crafts are almost artificially bifurcated into Handicrafts and Handlooms, with two separate Development Commissioners in charge of ea ch under the ministry of Textiles. In addition, 16 other ministries have crafts within their purview, including the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries, Ministry of tribal Development, Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of Women and Child Development.These bodies have often been pitted against each other on issues such as power loom versus handloom production, anti-dumping duty on foreign silk yarn to protect the interest of silk rearers versus removal of duty for handlooms and power looms and interest of petty traders versus greater conquer for home-based producers, leading to inefficiencies and policy juggernauts. 19 Governmentefforts havechanneled anestimated 752crore intothecraftssector duringtheEleventh FiveYearPlan(200718 2011). Anumberofinstitutions havebeeninvolvedin fundingandimplementing developmentworkfor artisansthroughdifferent schemes.Suchas 1. Councilforthe AdvancementofPeoples ActionandRuralTechnology (CAPART) 2. KhadiandVillage IndustriesCommission ( KVIC) 3. SmallIndustries DevelopmentBankofIndia (SIDBI) 4. NationalBankfor AgricultureandRural Development(NABARD) Chart4StakeholdersintheCraftsValueChain PROCESS Procuring and Processsing RawMaterials Aggregation and Intermediary Trade STAKEHOLDERS Organization InputSuppliers Production Markets LocalTraders IndependentArtisan SHGsCo-operatives, Producercompanies NonProfits SocialBusinesses Government Exporters Retailers 16 17Despite these challenges, the majority of Government funds have been utilized in the following areas, largely with the support of non profits working in the sector ? Welfare- Government efforts in the crafts sector are often designed with the intention of large-scale poverty alleviation. Schemes such as the Rajiv Gandhi Shilpi Swasthya Bima Yojana and the Janshree Bima Yojana for Handicrafts Artisans, under which artisans in the age group of 18-60 receive health and life insurance in association with the Life Insurance Corporation of India for themselves and th ree dependents, provide some social security.Market Linkages- One of the most widely lauded efforts of the Government in the crafts sector has been the establishment of Dilli Haat, an open-air crafts bazaar in the national capital modeled on a traditional village market where artisans from around the country can rent space and display their wares for two weeks at a time. Set up in cooperation with Dastkari Haat Samiti, a non profit organization that works with artisans across the country, Dilli Haat has provided artisans with much- take market linkages and access to consumers.In addition, the Development Commissioners for Handicrafts and for Handlooms run a number of emporiums across the country, which are retail outlets for crafts from different regions. Capacity Building- In recent years, the Government has moved its focus towards sustainable development of crafts through the participation of artisans. Capacity building efforts such as the Artisan Credit razz scheme and the Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hastshilp Vikas Yojana scheme are generally led by the Development Commissioner of Handicrafts.Efforts include skills development, technological intervention, design and marketing support and reviving languishing crafts. The Development Commissioner for Handlooms runs Weavers Centers in many parts of the country along with the National Center for Textile Design to provide marketbased design input for handloom weavers. Awards- Each year, the Ministry of Textiles recognizes the work of several master craftspeople through the dispersal of national awards. These are highly coveted accolades that enhance the reputation enjoyed by master craftsmen and function as a quality approval of sorts. Private Sector InitiativesThe private sector has been the main conduit for crafts with over 95% of crafts production taking place through some form of private endeavour. Broadly, private involvement in the crafts sector is of four types ? ? Traditional Intermediaries Historically, pri vate involvement in the crafts sector has been rule by master craftsmen, traders and exporters who aggregated production, provided market linkages and offered finance mechanisms to artisans. Although not always the case, these relationships have often been exploitatory to the artisan, who realized little of the value of his products.Design Entrepreneurs These include high-end fashion houses that have imbedded traditional crafts in their collections. Designers such as Ritu Kumar, Tarun Tahiliani and Manish Malhotra have worked closely with master craftsmen to create product offerings for high-end domestic and international markets. However, none of these efforts have placed crafts distinctly at the center of their enterprises but rather integrated crafts into their work. Their impact on promoting crafts has therefore been largely indirect. Other fashion designers such as Anita Dongre have created a istinct crafts-based collection, Grassroots, that aims at marketing clothing that pr omotes the skills and knowledge of traditional artisans, and has been made using organic materials and eco-friendly processes. Mainstream Retail There have been a few successful examples of crafts-based businesses, which have not only contributed to improving numerous artisans livelihoods but have also provided unique blueprints for future market-based endeavors. However those that exist are success stories that need to be more systematically replicated.Social Businesses These are a more recent wave of businesses that have originated out of non profits or hybrid models that combine social and commercial goals. ? ? ? ? ? ? Photo Credit Sahaj Photo Credit Sahaj ? ? ? The Role of Mainstream Retail While relatively few, a handful of retailers such as FabIndia, Anokhi and Contemporary Arts and Crafts have played a pivotal role in keeping crafts relevant and linked to contemporary consumers. These companies have developed 18 For Government efforts to have the maximum impact, Government bo dies mplementing programs need to be reformed and a policy environment more conducive to greater participation and specialization by different stakeholders needs to be created. 19 socially certified business models wherein they work closely with artisans and ensure that they are equal stakeholders in the business. Due to their relatively well-organized supply chains and focus on profitability, they are able to provide consumers with quality products better suited to urban tastes as compared to subsidized crafts available at Government-run emporiums.The success of these models has been built on the zeal of their founding members, who have overcome challenges in the crafts value chain through innovative strategies that not only ensure bottom-line growth for businesses but also fair and consistent wages to artisans. These models include ? Fabindia, founded by John and Bissell in 1960, Indias largest private crafts business that has taken tradition techniques, skills and hand-based pro cesses to global markets. The company has been recognized worldwide for its socially responsible business model that links over 80,000 craft producers to markets.This has been happen upond through its innovations in supply chain management through Community Owned Companies (COC), which serve as intermediaries and are owned by communities. Artisans form a authoritative part of the shareholding of these companies. Fabindias supply chain (in the chart below) consists of numerous backward and forward linkages in a multi-layered supply chain from suppliers or artisans to Fabindia stores. These linkages ensure that products sold cater to consumer tastes, a quality standard and timely delivery. The multi-layered supply chain ensures that each groups strengths are leveraged efficiently. Anokhi, founded by Faith Singh, is a clothing chain well known as an alternative role model for good business practices, and the ongoing revival of traditional textile skills. The company works closely wit h the Jaipur Virasat Foundation that provides capacity building inputs to artisan suppliers on design, techniques, quality control and enterprise development. In addition, the foundation works in other areas of Rajasthans cultural industries such as folk art, music and dance to promote livelihoods and preserve heritages.Contemporary Arts and Crafts (CAC), founded by Vina Mody and run in partnership with Feroza Mody, is a boutique retail outlet that provides unique and rare craft products to urban consumers. CACs success is based on its strong relationships with artisan communities in Gujarat and Rajasthan from where products are sourced. The CAC team invests significant time in understanding craft products and working with artisans to create outputs that will be appreciated in urban markets.In addition to these efforts, stores such as Shoppers Stop and Lifestyle have expanded their selections of handmade products and ethnic wear, providing much needed market opportunities for the cr afts. However, for a deep and sustainable impact on the artisan, retailers and mainstream businesses need to leverage their business acumen in tackling supply chain issues and creating a larger demand for these products. ? 6 The SRC repleshnishes the stock by getting more of the cloth from the weaver Fabindias provide ChainStructure The weaver weaves some yardage and shows it to a regional supplier region company (SRC) HOWTHEFABRIC REACHESTHESHELVES Fabindias Supply Chain is split into 17 regional supply companies The Role of Social Businesses The emergence of the social business model has provided a new opportunity to revive the sector. With their emphasis on the end consumer, social businesses have a greater incentive to bring in efficiencies in quality control and production management, which are often lacking in non profit organizations.Pre-production, social businesses may offer access to quality inputs, equipment, financing and training. Post-production, they improve market l inkages through procurement, storage, transport and retail. Social businesses achieve this by focusing on three main areas, which essentially sets them apart from non profits ? Supply Chain Efficiencies Given the scattered and homebased nature of crafts production, enterprises often face challenges in ensuring a regular supply chain for their products. Social businesses have focused on fixing the rural supply chain for crafts, either by filling in missing or Through an order booking system, the store manager books the quantity needed. From the SRC warehouse stock moves to the Fabindia regional warehouse Around 40,000 artisans supply goods for Fabindia It now has 144 stores in 35 top towns 2 The SRC calls the designers they approve the fabric, work with the weaver to develop some samples. Photo Credit Top Anokhi Bottom CAC 4 20 The weaver brings the completed order to SRC warehouse 3 Designers show samples to Fabindias product selection committee, the price is finalised and an orde r is placed with the weaver 21 eak links in the value chain through their own operations, or by establishing creative partnerships with non profits, Government bodies, corporations and community groups. ? Artisans Ownership The advantage of functioning as a business rather than a non profit in the crafts space is the ability to involve artisans as owners by giving them shares in the company. This ownership brings with it an increased sense of responsibility and efficiency, which is sometimes difficult to achieve in a non profit. In this way artisans are not only vested in the companys growth but also financially benefit from it through issue of dividends.Market Linkages Due to their focus on standardization and supply chain management, social businesses are in a better position than non profits to create and maintain links between artisans and markets domestic as well as international. Corporates typically prefer to partner with social businesses to bring crafts products to market due to more efficient processes in the company. This ownership brings with it an increased sense of responsibility and efficiency, which is sometimes difficult to achieve in a znon profit.Further, in this way artisans are not only vested in the companys growth but also financially benefit from it through issue of dividends. The biggest advantage faced by social businesses is their ability to raise capital from artisans in the form of shares, as well as external investors such as venture capital funds and corporates. In recent years, businesses in the crafts sector have attracted funding from impact investors such as Avishkaar, Grassroots Business Fund and Villgro, who invest in social enterprises with the dual chance of social impact and financial returns. Industree- Linking Artisans to Mainstream Markets Industree, a social enterprise that connects rural producers to urban markets has been able to cursorily scale up operations through equity investment by Kishore Biyanis Future Gr oup. This has enabled them to set up a retail brand called Mother Earth, and increase the number of clusters from whom they source crafts as well as provide artisans an opportunity to link to mainstream urban markets. ? Support from Multi-lateral Agencies and FoundationsThe international development community and private foundations have been pivotal in providing support to many non profits working in the crafts sector. United Nations agencies such as UNESCO have provided platforms for sharing best practices, research and documentation such as the Jodhpur Symposium. These initiatives have typically focused on project design and building frameworks to build a movement that strengthens creative and cultural industries. Others such as the World Bank channel funding to crafts organizations.A number of private foundations such as Aid to Artisans, Sir Dorab Tata Trust and the Ford Foundation provided long term grants to crafts non profits to scale their impact. Innovative approaches inclu de Friends of Women World Bankings funding strategy of credit provision to artisans through non profits. Together these efforts have helped sustain non profits work and strengthened models creating an impact on artisans incomes. Thecooperativemovement spearheadedbyElaBhatt, founderofSelf-Employed WomensAssociation (SEWA),inthe1970s alsohadapositiveimpacton thelivesofself-employed womenartisansthroughthe formationofcraft cooperatives.Thesemembership structuresallowedthemto workwithinequitable structuresandreceivecredit, designandmarketinginputs, withoutfearofexploitation bymiddlemen. The Evolution and Role of Non Profit Interventions Non profit organizations have been the strongest supporters of the craft industry, both in terms of livelihoods promotion as well as cultural preservation. following post-independence industrialization, the crafts industry was no longer viewed as an economic priority by the Government, which created a void in terms of support and finance available for th e sector.A number of non profits were established in the 1970s and eighties to fill this void and enhance the sustainability of artisans livelihoods. Many of these were run with the help of volunteers and were able to grow and thrive under a strong, charismatic leader with a clear vision for the sector. Examples of successful social businesses in the crafts sector include ? Rangsutra- Enabling Artisans to Own a Share of their Crafts Rangsutra was set up as a company of artisans, all of them shareholders, from remote parts of the country.It seeks to be a bridge between artisans and customers, tradition and contemporary, and change and tenacity and ensures a fair price to the producer and quality products for customers. It currently has 1,100 shareholders and has attracted investments from Avishkaar and Artisan Microfinance Private Limited (AMFPL), a subsidiary of Fabindia. Photo Credit Sahaj 22 23 Most non profits functioning in the crafts space today are registered as trusts, socie ties or Section 25 companies. They are broadly of two types, based on their scope of work ?Producer Groups A majority of non profits in this space ? work directly at the grassroots level, organizing crafts producers into collectives to realize various economies of scale in financing, marketing and product development. Examples are URMUL, Kala Raksha and SEWA Ahmedabad. ? Apex Organizations These focus on enhancing the sector ? by providing services ranging from design interventions to market linkages to groups of producers, who typically serve as part of their membership base.They vary in scale and level of outreach from national to state to local levels. Many apex organizations are well-positioned to act as a bridge between producer groups and Government bodies, both by channeling information regarding relevant Government schemes as well as by influencing Government spending. Prominent examples are Dastkar, AIACA, Dastkari Haat Samiti and Sasha. Non profit approaches have evolved s ignificantly in two main areas focus of the model and financial sustainability.Most non profit groups have focused on all parts of the value chain from organizing artisans to marketing products, largely due to a lack of other players specializing in certain areas. This has resulted in limited capacity to scale their operations. Fresher non profit approaches focus on one or two parts of the value chain such as aggregation or working closely with artisans groups. Further, there has been a acknowledgement in recent years that traditional grant funded projects for creating crafts production structures have not succeeded in establishing commercially sustainable structures.Newer non profits have attempted to embrace this change in perspective by incorporating fee-based enterprise development projects into their scope of work, others have spun off business models that target aggregation and marketing, while the non profit focuses on building artisan capacity. The different stakeholders de scribed above have each made significant contributions to the crafts sector. However, since they act in isolation from each other, their impact remains limited and they have not been able to diaphragm the downward slide of Indias crafts sector. 24 25 III. CHAPTERHarnessing the Potential of Indias Crafts Sector Photo Credit Jaipur Rugs Foundation 26 The crafts sector in India has vast potential to improve livelihood opportunities, generate additional income and strengthen the buy power of rural communities. For this potential to be fully realized, the gaps, overlaps and challenges in the value chain must be overcome to create an ecosystem that enables crafts to thrive. The different stakeholders involved need to come together to build what we call the four cornerstones of artisan sustainability. Non profits have a particularly important role in such a program.Based on Dasras research, interviews with experts in the crafts sector and advisory committee discussions, Crafting a Liveli hood suggests four key actions with the potential to transform artisans livelihood in India. The four cornerstones are 1. Handholding the Artisan through the Value Chain Any investment in improving the craft ecosystem as a whole must pay particular attention to strengthening the individual artisans and enterprises engaged in production. Since challenges faced by artisans are move them into other dailywage earning jobs, concerted efforts are needed to upgrade the current piecemeal nature of production.Crafts promotion efforts should focus on making artisans aware of the value of their skill, which would make them take greater pride in their work and encourage the second generation to enter the sector. Further, it is essential to help artisans continuously upgrade their skills and product offerings. This requires design inputs and skills development efforts. 2. Increasing Demand for Crafts and Strengthening Market Linkages There is an urgent need to revive consumers interest in craft s and make crafts relevant to increasingly urban lifestyles.Efforts are needed to sensitize the emerging middle class consumer to the history and value of crafts in India to ensure a robust domestic market. Strengthening branding efforts and introducing geographical indicators such as a Handmade in India classification, will enable Indian crafts to compete in increasingly global markets. Crafts can be branded on the national, regional or local, and enterprise level. On the national or regional level, some countries are known or even illustrious for their excellence in handicrafts, or in specific crafts.The branding of a countrys handicraft image depends on the public perception of that countrys culture and handicraft skills. Countries that, for different reasons, de-emphasize their indigenous culture and traditions and focus on their modernism create a much tougher environment for the promotion and export of their indigenous handicrafts. 21 Crafts lies well within the informal sec tor, bringing with it challenges of taking a completed product to market. Most artisans produce at relatively low volumes and at irregular intervals, creating few opportunities to market products at scale.New business models are needed that blend social and commercial goals to provide value added services to artisans particularly in aggregation of products and intercessor trade. As artisans are scattered across geographies, there is a need for players who can source products from them in a centralized fashion and introduce economies of scale into the supply chain. These intermediaries will provide the essential bridging Asartisansareoftenproducing formarketsthatarealiento them,theyneedsupport servicessuchastechnicaland designskillbuildingtohelp reachtheincreasinglyurban consumer.Theseinputswill increasetheirbargaining powerandbuildtheircapacity tosupplydifferentmarkets. Dasrasfieldresearchhas shownthatbuildingthe capacityofartisansinthis mannercanresultinuptoa ten-foldincreasein in comes. 1. Handholding the Artisan through the Value Chain 2. Increasing Demand for Crafts and Strengthening Market Linkages AconsumersurveyinEurope revealedthat40%of consumerssurveyedwere willingtopayapremiumof 10%fororigin-guaranteed products. SalesofIndian craftsstandtoincrease 20 fromsuchefforts. 3. Strengthening the Decentralized Production Model 4. Building a Multi-Stakeholder Approach 7 28 services between small producers and the different markets where products can be sold and thereby smoothen seasonality of production. Creativeclustershavebeen identifiedasanimportant meansformicroandsmall enterprisestogrowstrongly throughmutualstimulation andleveragingofcommon knowledgeandmarkets. Typicallytheybenefitfrom lowerVAT,tariffsandexcise dutiesonhandmadeproducts. Creativeclustershavethe potentialtonotonlycreate productionefficienciesbut alsoprovideaplatformfor artisanstoaccesslocaland domesticmarkets. 3. Strengthening the Decentralized Production ModelThe fragmented supply chain, l ack of organization and seasonal production characteristic of the craft sector need to be overcome to maximize production potential. Geographically scattered production, which is typical of the crafts sector, requires services at artisans doorsteps. leverage technology for information as well as for innovations in process will infuse efficiencies in craft production and enable artisans to produce more. Limited education and low exposure to the skills essential to rail a business prevent artisans from scaling up their operations.Providing business support in areas such as quality control, standardized processes, inventory management, cashflow management and securing credit would help them create strong enterprises. To this effect, capacity building cooperatives and producer owned companies would ensure standardized systems and processes, quality control, and professionally run businesses that can access capital and enable them to compete in markets. Dasras field research has demonst rated a potential three- to five-fold increase in individual income through these efforts.Moreover, fragmentation in the value chain can be overcome with clusters such as Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for crafts. These are defined as a combination of production and distribution activities operating within a common structure, capable of promoting creativity, research applications and distribution systems. Historically, clusters in India have been created for production and bureaucratic efficiencies, ignoring their function as a sales platform. While the sales focus has been tried at Bhujodi in Kutch, creative clusters are generally the exception in India. ensitizes them to crafts, deepens their understanding of tradition in a way that they can implement in the mainstream. This fosters the perseveration of culture by continuously adapting it to modernity. Setting up academies for