Performance appraisal Essay

Performance appraisal has been one of the most-debated management practices for several decades. It has generated a wide variety of viewpoints. There are those who see performance appraisal as making an important contribution to human resource management, in that organizations require systematic information on how well employees are performing in their jobs as a key element in ensuring that human resources are used as effectively as possible. Employees at all levels experience a need to know clearly what they should be doing and what is expected of them in terms of quantity and quality of output. In addition most people want to be in a position where they can perform better next time around. A number of writers, especially during the 1970s, expressed pessimistic views about the future of performance appraisal schemes, and the assumptions on which they are based. Some have tended to write off conventional versions of performance appraisal as backward, simplistic and even counterproductive, arguing that conventional appraisal processes often lead both the manager and employee to approach the performance review with dysfunctional role stereotypes. The employee expects to hear what is wrong with his or her performance, while the manger expects to have to well the evaluation to a reluctant and possibly hostile member of staff. (Gordon Anderson 1996) In this case study, it present the issues that caused Xerox Company emerged as a result of their research. In a word, it is all about change. It is talking about the linked issues of visibility and growth, and the compelling need for a process or model to deal with the problems of increasing effectiveness in the midst of all the change. I discuss changing attitudes and HRD political relevance, and present evidence of concern for HRD effectiveness. In Xerox appraisal new system they use â€Å"Mulit-appraisal† which is 360-degree Appraisal. The limitations of conventional performance appraisal in placing considerable, and sometimes total, emphasis on the judgment of the employee’s manager have been identified and discussed by a number of  writers. A pioneering study carried out a number of years ago in Gulf Oil, and described by Stinson and Stokes (1980), highlights an alternative, multi-rater method, which overcomes a number of the deficiencies of conventional, manager-orientated appraisal. Probably the most significant development likely to influence the nature of performance appraisal in the future is the shift away from conventional appraisals undertaken typically by line managers towards the concept of 360-degree appraisal. The concept builds on multi-appraisal and refers to a situation where appraisal data is collected † all around† an employee, from his or her manager, subordinates, peers and c ustomers, internal and external. A number of factors are encouraging organizations to introduce, or to seriously consider the introduction of, 360-degree appraisal. These include: ØFlatter, less hierarchical, more flexible, team-based organization structures; ØAwareness of the limited perspective of managers; ØRecognition of the value of contributions from other sources; ØThe advantage of a range of perspectives, given the increasingly complex roles many people play in organization. In research identified the need for building and maintaining close relationships with line and staff management as essential for a successful HRD organization. It is really depend on the organization and communication processes. A wide range of methods and criteria for appraising performance is used by organizations. The various ways of measuring performance stem directly form the different components of performance. We can see in the new system of Xerox, they are: Simple ranking, using this system the appraiser is called upon to make a judgment about the general level of the performance of each employee. Based on the appraiser ranks each employee from best to worst. Alternate ranking, this process involves a number of stages. While this approach may have some advantages in determining the ratings, it suffers from the same defects as the simple ranking approach. The HRD Function In effective HRD functions, staff development is built in to the annual operating plan as a requirement. It is not only supported by management, but also seen as essential to the continued effective operation of the HRD function, and adequate funding supports it. Another one is Feedback, It tells employees, â€Å"How am I doing?† and â€Å"Where do I go from here?† How would you like to be a member of a bowling team and go bowling every week, but only get your scores once a year? Coaching is the day-to-day effort to review work, answer questions, discuss progress (or lack of it) toward meeting standards, develop skills, and provide positive guidance. Is the supervisor the only person who can provide coaching to an employee? Coworkers, other supervisors, and even customers can often be in a good position to compare the employee’s performance to established standards and then give helpful feedback. As the articles shown that the core of any organization is its staff. Without workers, who is going to do the job? How come the goal is going to achieve? How effectively an organization maintains a quality team of employees is linked to its ability to manage its staff and recognize the contributions of each player. Effective performance management systems enable an organization to objectively and systematically rate employee performance, while providing the tools necessary to take that performance level and equate it to compensation actions. Employees have always expressed the desire for open feedback regarding their performance. More and more companies are embracing the pay for performance concept and its tie to compensation. A well-executive performance management plan enables an organization to achieve critical goals: ØRecognize the efforts and contributions of current staff ØReward staff with compensation directly linked to performance ØMotivate staff to improve performance ØOrient staff towards goal achievement ØRetain key employees through the use of competitive compensation programs ØAttract quality employees with an effective performance management system A necessary condition for the effective management of performance appraisal systems in any organization is the need to clarify and communicate to all concerned the objectives which the system is intended to achieve. Typically, performance appraisal schemes are expected to serve multiple objectives. This can often be strength in that several purposes can be achieved, but I can also prove to be a disadvantage if it leads to a dissipation of effort and lack of focus. It is obviously of crucial importance, and everyone in an organization especially the key decision makers should be fully aware precisely what objectives the system of performance appraisal is expected to achieve, and the priorities within these objects. Performance appraisal should lead to the identification of the training and development needs of employees. Indeed, it can be argued that without an appraisal scheme, it would be only accidental if training and development efforts were aimed in the right direction (Anderson 1980). Performance appraisal, by providing feedback to employees on job performance, creates a basis for improvement and development. The developmental function of appraisal is concerned with improving the performance of people by identifying areas for improvement, setting performance targets for the future, and agreeing plans for follow up action. This aspect also involves developing the capacity of people through formulation plans to develop their skills and careers, and helping individuals to reconcile their job and career aspirations with opportunities available in the organization. Furthermore, there is certain amount of overlap between the evaluative and development functions, in that the evaluation of past performance will often be an important influence upon the setting of future targets. Brinkerhoff  and Kanter (1980) contend that this function is both backward looking in the sense of evaluating past performance so as to establish standards and forward looking in that the established standards serve as incentives for future performance improvement through generating peer competition and the desire to best one’s won past record. The argue further that an additional overlapping, but also overarching, purpose for performance appraisal is to ensure that managers are performing a critical management function. Managers should be paying careful attention to the assessment of the past performance of their staff against organizational requirements, and to the development of greater productivity of the human resources available. This function of performance of performance appraisal of encouraging careful and systematic approaches in assessing the performance of employees is of great importance for practicing managers, and they often recognize its value. The possible conflict between the evaluative and developmental dimensions has been much discussed in the appraisal literature. The central issue appears to be: can the manager, acting as appraiser, effectively be both judge and helper without experiencing role conflict? Since future decisions must be based, at least in part, on evaluations of previous behavior, it could be argued that this conflict is superficial rather than real, and that an effective manager should be about to cope effectively with both roles. When we looked further at the issue of growth. The Conference Board, in a study of trends in corporate education and training, found that the number of training professionals had increased in nearly two-thirds of the firms surveyed. The board cited the following as evidence of the enhanced role and status of HRD in many companies: ØManagement has become convinced that education drives the business. ØA stepchild until recently, the training function is now seen as essential to the company’s strategic goals. ØDeveloping our people is now the heart of our business strategy. ØTraining departments used to be wiped out by recessions, but few were in the recent one (Lusterman, 1985, p.2). Affecting the growth of HRD is the increase in the overall number of jobs and the shifts from sectors such as manufacturing to service organizations. Newly created jobs require new skills training and workers being displaced need retraining. In addition, more workers are coming to expect training as part of the normal job environment, and will demand it if they don’t see it. This is especially true in high technology, where employees want to stay on the leading edge-they can’t afford not to. The negative factors are: ØPossible distortion due to popularity factors influencing peers; ØPossible negative reactions towards those who irrespective of this performance, are seen as unorthodox, inclined to challenge existing practices, and therefore perceived as threatening; ØFriendship rating; ØDistortions due to fear of retaliation; ØReliance of peers on stereotypes in making evaluation. Despite the risks evident from the number of possible negative factors, peer review may well have an increasing role to play in performance appraisal systems of the future, especially in non-hierarchical, team-based organizational structures in which peers are willing to give objective evaluations of one another’s performance, and where peers interact sufficiently frequently to be able to develop an informed view of the performance of colleagues. Conclusion Appraisal of employees tasks place whether a formal appraisal system is in operation or not. In small companies, formal systems are probably unnecessary; in larger companies, a formal system goes some way towards ensuring that decisions based upon judgments of employee performance are fair and just. However, the mere installation of an appraisal scheme does not ensure that appraisals are well founded. There are a large number of human tendencies towards error that must be recognized by those conducting appraisal. This recognition and ways to overcome the problems are best achieved through training. The appraisal of performance is useless unless the results of the appraisal are translated into action. This is the purpose of the appraisal interview. It is a mechanism for feedback of information to employees, and an opportunity for employees and their superiors to sit down and plan remedial action. Appraisal interviews involving problem solving, counseling and joint objective setting are essential components of a successful appraisal scheme. REFERENCE French,W. Human Resources Management 4th Edition, Houghton Miffin co, Boston, 1998. Graham, H.T, Human Resources Management, recruitment and selection, Britain ,1983. Leslie W. Rue, Ph.D., Lioyd L. Byors, Ph.D, Management skills and Application recruitment and selection, Australia,1997. Pearson, R., The Human Resources , Managing people and work, Australia, 1990. Kramar, R, Mcgraw, P& Schuler, R. S., Human Resources Management in Australia. Longman. South Melbourne, 1997. Parry, K. W., Smith, D., Human Resources Management. USQ Press. Queensland, 1998. Dessler, Griffiths, Lloyd- Walker, Williams, Human Resources Management, Prentice Hall, Australia, 1999.

Automobile Industry in Bangldesh Essay

1. 1 Introduction Now day’s education is not just confined to books and classrooms. Internship is such a program that helps to test the knowledge and understanding of the courses and to use them in a practical field. Internship training gives this opportunity to be engaged in an organization where it is possible to have an experience of the real business world and to see different practical aspects of education. Marketing Department of Chittagong University is committed to produce marketing professionals for the market who will not only benefit the society as a whole but also make path of a better future for the next generation. Internship program is a step towards fulfill this commitment by giving the students an opportunity to get ready for the real world before they enter into it. 1. 2 Research Issue This research is a requirement of the internship program for my MBA program. My supervisor Professor A. J. M. Nuruddin Chowdhury assigned me the topic. I have tried my level best to make it as an excellent one. I used all the latest data and information. I have been serving this company as an intern under Sales & Marketing Department for two months. I got privilege to put latest data. My job responsibility is to create relationship with our present and potential customers, sales products and provide service time to time by giving latest product’s information. So, I am getting the opportunity to be very close to the customer. I have the idea why customer choose, the reason of leave and the reason of using pragoti Industries Product. My supervisor Mr. Khayrul Haue officer of Sales & Marketing Department guides me time to time to make this report fruitful. 1. 3 Research Objectives The main objective of this report is to have an assessment about overall activities of sales & marketing department. How they manage all the selling process, what services it is providing to the customer and how agents are getting benefit from it and finally what is the gain for pragoti from this project, in short how it is meeting up the requirements of the three stakeholders of the company. The objectives of the study are as follow: †¢ To get the practical experience by doing job with expert of sales & marketing manager. †¢ To understand the drive structure of PIL. †¢ To understand the channels of PIL. †¢ To observe the production process & know the inputs procurement system, warehousing system and the selling and distribution system of the company. †¢ To know the marketing and pricing policies of their products †¢ To know about the products & the quality of products produced by the company. †¢ To know the accounting system and the transparency in the preparation of the financial statements. †¢ To know the application of the Corporate Governance in PIL †¢ To produce a report that will give a guideline to the future researchers or customers of the Pragoti Industries Ltd on the different aspects that are covered in this report. †¢ Finally, to suggest the management with some recommendations so that the management can identify some of the faulty areas in the organization and initiate necessary steps to bring changes in those areas. 1. 4 Research Methodology The current study is conducted primarily in participatory research analysis method and secondary on practical and theoretical analysis. The research supervisor proposed research topic. Primary and secondary data was collected from every possible source. The primary sources are as follows: †¢ Observation of the production and management sector of the company. †¢ Face-to-face conversation with the respective offices and stuffs of the industry. †¢ Related field study as provided by the officer concerned. The secondary sources of data and the information are: †¢ Web site address †¢ Book basis articles †¢ Internal magazine published by PIL †¢ Different brochures of PIL †¢ Information provided by my supervisor 1. 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This internship report covers all the aspects of retail environment from all the three perspective, UBL, retailers and agent. This report also gives an overview about the company like about the mission and goals of the company, the marketing mix & the strategies, competitive strategies etc. This report has been prepared through extensive discussion with the customer, sales development manager, and agent and with the other stakeholder. While preparing this report, I had a great opportunity to have an in depth knowledge of sales activities of the â€Å"Pragoti Industries Ltd. † It also helped me to acquire a first-hand perception of a leading state run automobile industry in Bangladesh. 1. 6 Limitation of the Study I have tried my best to collect the maximum information from the authority, management, production department and marketing department. But I have faced the following problems: †¢ To make a report it is very trouble full to collect the information from various personal for the job constrain. †¢ Planning & production department’s has no appropriate maintenance of planning procedure and articles. †¢ Time is not sufficient for various activities to prepare a report. †¢ Non-availability of published data. †¢ Information was not provided due to business secrecy. †¢ Lack of adequate knowledge about research by new employee †¢ Non-availability of secondary data. Chapter- 2 Literature Review 2. 1 Introduction. Bangladesh is totally underdeveloped in the sector of automobile industry. As It has no automobile industry, the sector is totally depended on import, except a few automobile-assembling units. Due to increase amount of demand, requirement and increased every year it has to import a huge amount of automobiles from the other countries. But in recent times, Bangladesh automobile industry is turning around, as a result local and foreign investor are interest about this sector for investment. So the sector has a great potentiality and prospect in the development. Pragoti is the only state own automobile company in Bangladesh and it made & repair only government related automation production. Bangladesh machine tools Factory (BMTF) was establish in February 11, 1979 and it is the commercial automobile assembly plant, maintain by Bangladesh Army, especially for defense industry. Walton & Aftab is the largest Bangladeshi private automobile company in Bangladesh. Walton Company establish a large plant for motorcycle production, on the other hand Aftab automobile is famous for bus accessories assembling. [pic]. Mitsubishi Pajero will be assembling in Bangladesh Mitsubishi Pajero, Hino Bus, Tata bus/Truck, Proton automobile manufacturer company already buildup their production assemble plant in Bangladesh and here is the important news, near Dhaka, location name is Dolaikhal, is the largest automobile market in Bangladesh for expire & new automobile parts. 2. 2 Bangladesh most popular Automobile company List †¢ Aftab Automobiles †¢ Pragoti †¢ TagAZ Bangladesh (Proposed) †¢ Mitsubishi Pajero †¢ Walton †¢ Bangladesh Machine Tools Factory 2. 3 Auto parts market of Bangladesh. Bangladesh automobile industry is not a big industry and maximum automobile parts are imported from other countries . Besides, there is no quality local manufacturer of parts and components. So, parts and components are mainly imported from countries like Japan, UK, Taiwan, China, Korea, Malaysia, USA, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, etc. The market of parts and components of this country is very small but expanding rapidly. Commercial importers import a bulk amount of parts and components that are distributed through wholesalers and retailers. Final users get the parts from the retailers and the retailers buy parts from the importers. However, there are also importers who have their own retail outlets. An assembler may also be an importer who requires a large quantity of parts and components for its assembling unit. A limited number of commercial importers import parts and components from different sources. In most cases, the assembler imports parts and components from the country where the brand is originated. Some assemblers even purchase parts and components directly from the big importers. There is another group within the distribution channel of parts and components i. e. auto servicing centers like garage, mechanical workshop, body building units, etc. The servicing centers purchase parts from the whole seller as well as from the retailer. End users get parts and components from retailers dealing in different type and brand of automobile. Although no local manufacturer of quality parts does exist, but active negotiations are going on to set up joint venture parts and component manufacturing units with China, Korea and Taiwan. Present structure of parts and components market is graphically shown below: [pic] In Bangladesh, neither we have an automobile industry nor a quality auto parts industry. So, the people of Bangladesh have no clear idea about the automobile industry or auto parts and components and their usage. The market of auto parts and components is influenced by couple of elements. People while purchase auto parts and components, they are influenced by several factors and these auto servicing centers, workshop and garage, motor pool managers, Institutional Importers (i. e.embassy), retailers, agents of branded automobile, 2. 4 Domestic parts and components industry Presently, there is no well-organized and quality manufacturer of parts and components in Bangladesh. Some low quality indigenous manufacturing of parts and components are there but they are carried out against specific order to meet emergency requirement. There is no mass production to meet the requirements. Given below is some idea of what the local manufacturers try to produce: Filters, radiators, radiator hoses, air filter housing; Brake pads, brake drum, brake disc; Electrical parts such as battery, horn, wiring, wiper and washer assembly, head lights and other lights; Trim and upholstery such as carpet, floor mat, rear parcel shelf, seat assembly, safety belt and melt damping sheet; General parts such as paint and thinner, under seal, tires and tube, and mirrors. Chapter- 3 Growth & Development of Automobile Industry in Bangladesh 3. 1 Bangladesh Automobile Prospect Bangladesh has a great prospect and potentiality in the development of automobile industry there has been an increasing trend in the use of all sorts of automobiles/vehicles in Bangladesh. However, the increased demand of individual types of automobile varies from case to case. As a result of increasing demand of individual the annual demand for automobile is increasing with a great speed an statistic show the demand has increased into 30 percent than the last year with the Improvement of roads and highways and increased number of bridge and culverts are also responsible for motivating people to buy vehicles for their day to day activities. Again the Improvement of life style in the urban areas is also responsible for the development automobile industry . With the passage of time the living standard of general people of BD has increased and they also turn into low class to middle class, middle class to upper class and in recent times the amount of upper middle class has increased which means additional demand for automobile There are also some another key reason for whom Bangladesh has a great potentiality in this industry. They are mentioned below: †¢ Government annual development plan has given priority on development of automobile industry †¢ Special attraction for Japan made vehicles †¢ Withdrawn of Rickshaw gradually. †¢ Getting popularity of Small car/sports vehicle †¢ Rent-a-car getting popularity †¢ Reduction of tax on the new motor vehicles †¢ Govt. initiative to float 10,000 commercial vehicles †¢ Expanded and increased volume of export and import 3. 2 Comparative scenario of different types of automobiles in Bangladesh A comparative scenario of different vehicles and their usage trend may be explained as below: (a) Motorcycle The use of motorcycle in Bangladesh is increasing day by day by a new group of users. Motorcycle is extensively used in Bangladesh in both rural and urban areas. The use of motorcycle has gradually increased in Bangladesh due to easy to drive; easy access to remote location; cheapest transport; Longevity of the vehicle; easy to handle and park at any place. The general users are the students, individual businessmen, officials of marketing companies and pharmaceutical industries. Over the last one and a half decades, the field level officials of different non- government organizations have been using a large number of motorcycles. In Bangladesh, both locally assembled motorcycle and imported motorcycle are available for intending users as detailed below: (i) Locally assembled motorcycle: Mainly, there are about 20 locally assembled brands. For example: ATLAS, EMMA, NITOL and SINGER. List of the local motorcycle assembling houses is given in the annex. (ii) Imported motorcycle: There are at least 7-8 different regular brands of motorcycle and these are: Honda CD 80, Yamaha, Suzuki from Japan, Xinfu, Jangshen, Jailing, Hero, TVS Victor, Yamaha, Suzuki, Bajaj, Vespa, etc. (b) Auto rickshaw / Three wheelers There has been a phenomenal increase in the number of auto rickshaw and tampoo in Bangladesh. Now, it is an important vehicle in Bangladesh. Low and middle class family members mainly use these vehicles. But, the government of Bangladesh has already banned these two vehicles to avoid environmental pollution. It is estimated that presently there are 160,000 auto rickshaws including unauthorized units in Dhaka City alone. There has been a phenomenal. – However, effective 1st September,2002, the two stroke auto rickshaw will be totally banned, which is expected to dramatically reduce the requirement of parts for these type of vehicles, but increase demand for the new CNG auto rickshaw and three stroke auto rickshaws will be there with increased demand for parts and components. (c) Motorcars Increased demand, economic development and changed life style have resulted in a great increase in the number of motor cars and the demand for motor cars is still increasing day by day. Both brand new and reconditioned cars are imported into the country. Statistics show that majority of the people usually prefer reconditioned motorcars more than brand new cars due to lower price. In Bangladesh, more than 65% of the total motorcars are coming from Japan. Many Bangladeshis living in Japan involve themselves in reconditioned car business. Recently, the government has put an age restriction on the import of reconditioned motor cars. Reconditioned cars more than 3 years old can not be imported. The government has also reduced the duties and taxes on the import of new cars to discourage reconditioned car import. Impact is that people now can buy new cars at a reasonable price having longer durability. The government has introduced new system of taxicab in 1998. As a result, the number of motorcars has been increasing. But, the requirement of spare parts and components will be lesser. Again, after the 1st September 2002, the ban of auto rickshaw will lead to a significant increase in motorcars mainly in the form of taxi cabs. Use of motorcars has increased tremendously, which is evident from the statistics for the last five years shown in the chart below: (d) Light & heavy commercial vehicles (bus, minibus, truck, pick-up, etc) Like the motorcar, there has been an increasing trend in the number of light and heavy commercial vehicles that include mini bus, bus, human howlers, passenger carriers, trucks, pick-ups, covered vans, large covered vans, etc. Over the last one decade, the use of these types of vehicles has increased at a high rate. This is due to increased demand for the these types of vehicles/automobiles effectively backed by institutional financial support to procure them. This growth rate will continue to increase in the near future. The average growth rate is 5. 63% and 4,644 in the number of vehicles annually. (e) Farm and agricultural equipment/vehicles Also, there is an increasing trend in the number of farm and agricultural equipment/vehicles due to increased application of modern tools and techniques in farming and agricultural production. Now-a-day, agricultural vehicles like power tiller, tractor and trailers are being used in the rural areas more frequently than the past. During the last one decade, various agricultural development projects funded by the different donor agencies have been implemented in the rural areas and under those programs, the farmers were given financial facilities through NGOs and banks to procure modern agricultural equipment including farm vehicles. One of the key elements that made this possible is the availability of lease financing facilities in the country and the large amount of agricultural credit funds. It has been observed that there is a reasonable growth in the number of agricultural equipment every year. This growth rate will continue to increase in the near future provided there is no drastic change in the government policy relating to agricultural sector like reduction in the subsidy and assistance and low cost fund for the farmers. The average annual growth rate is 2. 5% and 125 in number of vehicles every year. 3. 3 Estimated demand of automobile /vehicles in Bangladesh. Taking into consideration the future prospects and also keeping the resent growth pace influenced by various elements discussed earlier, it is expected that there would an additional increase in the use of vehicles. In view of the possible new avenues and prospects and looking into the weighted average growth rate of 6%, table below shows estimated demand for the next five years. Table: Projected demand of automobile /vehicles in Bangladesh |Vehicle/Year | |Taxi | |Bus/ Minibus | |Tractor |3,646 | |Headquarters |11, Agrabad C/A, Finley House (3rd floor) P. O. box no. 73 | | |Chittagong4100, Bangladesh | |Location of the factory |Barabkund, Dhaka-Chittagong Highway, Sitakund, Chittagong. | |Year of establishment |1966 under private ownership | |Nationalized Time |: After liberation of Bangladesh on 11th May, 1972 | |Types of operation |Assembling the Transport Vehicles | |Operated By |Bangladesh Steel and Engineering Corporation under the Ministry of industry | |Company Type |: Autonomous | |Initial Authorized Capital |20 Cores, Divided into 20,00,000 shares @tk100/- | |Paid-up Capital. |25 Lakhs, Divided into 25,000 no. of Ordinary Shares. | |Products |Car Assembling, Automotive Parts | |Main sources of CMD Kits from |: Vauxhall Motors of England; American Motors Corporation (AMC) of USA; Isuzu Motors | | |Corporation, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Nissan & Toyota Motors of Japan; KIA | | |Motors, Daewoo Motors of Korea; Aelous, Dong Feng of China; HML TATA, Swaraj Mazda, | | |Mahindra & Mahindra, Maruti, Eicher and Ashok Leyland of India | |Recent Initiative |A CNG Conversation Unit is established in Tejgoan Workshop at Dhaka. | |Nature of Business |Govt. approved automobiles marketing company, Sole Distributor of Isuzu, Suzuki | | |vehicles from Japan and Bajaj, Swaraj Mazda & Maruti vehicles from India. Parts & | | |Accessories, Sawafuji & Suzuki Generator from Japan, Scott & English industrial | | |Generator from Singapore & G. S. Automotive battery from Indonesia | | Initial production capacity |(Approximately) 200 | |Present production capacity | (Approximately) 900 | |Logo |[pic] | |Website |http://www. bsec. gov. bd/html/ent_progoti.php |. 4. 2 Aim of Pragoti Industries Limited The sky is not the limit for them but their expectations are within limit. Their imagination soars beyond conventional barriers. They share their destiny with their beloved motherland. They want to serve her the better in the greater quest for national economic emancipation.. 4. 3 Mission of PIL We shall be at the forefront of automobile industry development by: †¢ Anticipating automobiles required by all our customers everywhere and innovatively supplying them beyond expectation. †¢ Setting industry benchmarks of world class standard in delivering customer value through our comprehensive product range, customer service and all our activities †¢ Building an exciting team-based working environment that will attract, develop and retain employees of exceptional ability who help celebrate the success of our business, of our customers and of national development †¢ Maintaining the highest ethical standards and a community responsibility worthy of a leading corporate citizen †¢ Continuously improving productivity and profitability. 4. 4 Vision of PIL. To be in thee forefront of national development by providing all the customers inspirational strength, dependable support and the most comprehensive range of vehicle solutions, through our team of professionals who work passionately to be outstanding in everything we do. 4. 5 Organizational structure of the Pragoti Industries Ltd. (Agrabad Branch) Branches of Pragoti Industries Limited Chittagong Office 11, Agrabad C/A, Finley House (3rd floor), post box no. 73, Chittagong. Production Factory Barabkund, Dhaka-Chittagong Highway, Sitakund, Chittagong. Dhaka Office 151-152, Tejgaon C/A, Dhaka-1208. Pragoti Industries Limited (Local Management) |Name |Position | |Engr. Md. Nazmul Huda |Managing Director | |Md. Mustafizur Rahman |General Manager ( Marketing & Admin) | |Engr. Md. Ali Chowdhury |Addl. Chief Engineer (purchase) | |Engineer Nizamul Haque |Addl. Chief Engineer (In charge Plant) | |Dr. Zubaid-Ur-Rahman |Addl. Chief Medical Officer | |Md. Ashraful Haider Khandaker |DGM (Com) | |Md. Golam Nabi |Deputy Chief Accounts Officer | |Md. Faridul Islam |DGM (com) Dhaka Office | Board of Directors (PIL Company Board) |Sl. |Name |Designation | |1 |Md. Ataur Rahman |Chairman | | |Chairman, BSEC. | | | |Telephone: 88-02-8114616, 8112808. | | |2 |Mr. Md. Forhad Uddin |Director | | |Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Industries. | | | |Telephone: 88-02-9563561, 7194156 (Res. ) | | |3 |Mr. P R Borua |Director | | |Rtd. DIG. | | | |Phone: 88-02-8912414 | | |4 |Mr. Sheikh Md. Mobarak Hossain. |Director | | |Director (Planning & Development), BSEC | | | |Telephone: 88-02-8130473, 9338429 | | |5 |Mr. A T M Pearul Islam |Director | | |Telephone: 88-02-8122898, 9348371 Cell: 01711895957 | | |6 |Mr. Capt. (Retired) K. A. K. Modabber Hossain |Director | | |Secretary , BSEC | | | |Telephone: 88-02-8121451Res: 8757332 | | |7 |Mr. Dider Mohammad Abdur Rab |Director | | |Genarel Manager, Office of the General Manager, | | | |Sonali Bank Ltd,Chittagong. | | |8 |Engr. A. k. M. Solayman Haque |Managing Director | | |Managing Director, Pragoti Industries Ltd. | | | |Telephone: 88-031-723110, 725712 | | |9 |Mr. Md. Helal Uddin |Director | | |General Manager, Janata Bank Ltd, Divisional Office, | | | | 27 Agrabad C/A, Chittagong. | | | | | | Chapter- 5 Marketing organization of pragoti industry The â€Å"Marketing & Sales Department† of PIL is one of the most important departments of PIL. In this department, there are one DGM (Depute general manager), two assistant manager and four executives. They are smart, energetic, experienced and high educated. They are capable of handling clients and selling the products in the efficient and effective way. [pic] Role & Responsibilities of â€Å"Marketing & Sales Department†: ? Providing Quotation among prospect about inquiry. ? Receiving order from different prospect or customer. ? Selecting specific model for customer from factory on behalf of their choice. ? Direction to factory engineer for made up pre requisite model base on customer choice. ? Delivery the order pre specific date. ? Receiving product price through cash, chque, or money receipt. ? Deposit that amount into accounts department. ? Attending seminar, symposium as part of marketing activities. ? Input all of sales & money receipt in respective journal. Chapter- 6 Marketing Mix strategies of Pragoti Industries 6. 1 Product: As we have known that Pragoti industries limited does not produce auto mobiles but only assembles the auto mobiles. After assembling it mainly markets the following products: Product name and model, origin of CKD & country of origin |Sl No |Product name |Model |Origin of CKD ( ClOSE KNOCK DOWN) |Country of origin | |1 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO 4. 4 |LWB WGON |MITSUBISHI MOTOR |JAPAN | | | |V31VHNDKB |CORPORATION | | |2 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO |KH4WGNMR |MITSUBISHI MOTOR |JAPAN | | |CR-45 | |CORPORATION | | |3 |TATA TC BUS |LP01316 TC |TATA ENGINEERING & |INDIA | | | | |LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY LTD. | | |4 |TATA MINI TRUCK |LPT 709 |TATA ENGINEERING & |INDIA | | | | |LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY LTD. | | |5 |ASHOK LEYLAND MINI TRUCK |HR-55 |ASHOK LEYLAND LTD |INDIA | |6 |NISSAN NAVARA PIC UP |YD25DDTI |NISSAN MOTORS LTD. |JAPAN | |7 |MITSUBISHI MICROBUS L-300 |P13WHLNDER |MITSUBISHI MOTOR |JAPAN | | | | |CORPORATION | | Pragoti Industries ltd. Product name, model & Specification/Features: |Sl No |Product Name |Model |Specification/Features | | | | | | |1 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO 4. 4 |LWB WGON |Long wheel base, 5 door, 9 set ( approved by BRTA), Petrol engine 4. 4, 4 cylinder, | | | |V31VHNDKB |86 k. w. horse power/117 PS/5500 RPS, drive by right hand, hard top metal, 2350 CC, | | | | |wheel base 2725 m. m. , digital clock, cigarette lighter, fold belt, power steering, 1| | | | |additional wheel with cover. | | | | |Co lour – BLACK | |2 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO CR-45 |KH4WGNMR |Long wheel base, 5 door, 7 set ( approved by BRTA), Diesel engine 4 WD, 4 cylinder, | | | | |100 k. w. horse power/136 PS/3500 RPS, drive by right hand, hard top metal, 2477 CC, | | | | |wheel base 2800 m. m. , power steering, 1 additional wheel with cover. | | | | |Co lour – BLACK,SILVER | |3 |TATA TC BUS |LP01316 TC |Tata LPO-1316/55TC,52 set Deluxe bus, power steering, 4*2, Drive by right hand,6 | | | | |cylinder, horse power 160PS/K. W120/2500 RPM, Water cold, Diesel engine, Wheel Base | | | | |5545 CC,1additionl wheel. | |4 |TATA MINI TRUCK |LPT 709 |Tata LPT-709 EX, 3. 5 ton truck chassis, 4. *2, 4 cylinder, 3783 CC, Turbo Charge | | | | |inter cooled, diesel engine, Drive by right hand, Wheel Base 3400 CC, output 66. 3 | | | | |km,90 PS/2400RPS,1additionl wheel. | |5 |ASHOK LEYLAND MINI Truck |HR-55 |HR-55 in 1. 5 ton mini truck chassis, 4 cylinder, 2771 CC in line over heed volt | | | | |direct injection, water cold, diesel engine, power steering, output: 59 k. w/3600RPM,| |6 |NISSAN NAVARA PIC UP |YD25DDTI |Double Cabin 4/4, Dingell pick up,2488 (2500) CC, 4 Door, 5set with driver, power | | | | |steering, 128 horse power/4000 RPS, Wheel Base 3200, radio, Digital Clock, CD | | | | |player, power Window, Bumper | |7 |MITSUBISHI MICROBUS |P13WHLNDER | 5 door (Sliding both side), 12 set ( approved by BRTA), 4. 2 cylinder, 86 k. w. | | |L-300 | |horse power/114 PS/5750 RPS, drive by right hand, hard top metal, power steering, 1 | | | | |additional wheel with cover, bilt in ac . | | | | |Co lour – WHITE | 6. 2 Services: In case of providing services Pragoti industries limited is not exception. Like other automobiles industries it provides services which are followings every product has one year warrantee. All repairmen services are provided through 7 (seven) servicing agents of Pragoti Industries Ltd which are situated at Dhaka and Chittagong. A. Dhaka city: No. of agents -05. The servicing agents are at Motijeel, Fakirarpul, Tejgaon, Baridhara and Tongi. B. Chittagong City: No. of servicing agents – 02. The servicing agents are at Sholoshahar and Jamal Khan Lane Product. 6. 3 Pricing: Price is the element of the marketing mix that produces revenue; the other elements produce costs. Price is the easiest marketing mix elements to adjust; product features, channel, and even promotion take more time. Price also communicates to the market the company’s intended value position of its product and brand. Companies set prices by selecting a general pricing approach that includes one or more of three sets of factors. We examine these approaches: the cost base approach (cost plus pricing, break-even analysis, and target profit pricing); the buyer-based approach (value-based pricing); and the competition-based approach (going rate and sealed bid pricing) Pragoti’s pricing Method: Pragoti fo0llows the cost- based method in setting prices of all its products. They consider different prices and estimate break-even volumes, probable demand, and profits for each. Pragoti Industries ltd. Product name, price per unit & payment terms: |Sl No |Product Name |Price per unit |Payment terms | | | | | | |1 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO 4. 4 |55,00,000 |Fully cash | | | |3,05,000 | | | | |Total=58,05,000 | | |2 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO CR-45 |75,00,000/= |Fully cash | | | |76,000/= | | | |With additional fittings |Total=75,76,000 | | |3 |TATA TC BUS |24,58,000 |35% in down payment, additional 65% paid 18% interest with 36 monthly | | | | |installment. | |4 |TATA MINI TRUCK |16,50,000 |Fully cash | |5 |ASHOK LEYLAND MINI Truck |16,50,000 |Fully cash | |6 |NISSAN NAVARA PIC UP |41,72,000 |Fully cash | |7 |MITSUBISHI MICROBUS |28,50,000 |Fully cash | | |L-300 | | | 6. 4 Promotion: In recent time marketing not only calls for just developing a good product but also pricing it attractively and making it available to the targeted customer. Companies also must communicate with their customers and they try to create a good customer relation among them. To communicate well, the firm often hires advertising agencies to develop effective advertisement, give appointment to active experienced officers and executives, give on – line services to the big businessmen or organization, and create a private relationship with clients. As PIL assembles automobiles for selective customers it spends less than the others. It mainly uses two types promotion. They are: †¢ Consumer promotion tools & Advertising †¢ 6. 4. 1 Consumer promotion tools: Short term incentive to encourage the sales of service or products of the firm is called sales promotion. PIL uses the following Consumer promotion tools they are: Price Pack: At the time of festival PIL offer some special discount for Suzuki vehicles. Cash refund offer: PIL still thinking about it. Patronage reward: For corporate sales (Huge quantity) special discount offering. 6. 4. 2 Advertising: Advertisement is the fine art of convincing people that the doors to open standards are never closed. The Advertisement plan & campaign plan are similar in outline & structure. It matches the right audience to the right Message & represents it in the right medium to reach that audience. †¢ Objective of advertising plan are †¢ Create awareness among 60% of target audience. Pragoti industries use the following media for advertising its products. They are Newspaper: Advertise publish in The Daily Newspaper with multi colour, regarding after sales service facilities. Direct mail: New product’s catalogue sends by direct mail with product specification, advantage and design. Calendar: Every year Pragoti Publishes colourful and attractive calendar with picture of their products. Direct mail: New product’s catalogue sends by direct mail with product specification. Advertising problems: PIL often can not advertise in the media since it is very expensive and difficulty in the corporate level. Finance 6. 4. 3 Distribution Channel: Most of the Producers use intermediaries to bring their products to market. They try to forge a distribution channel—a set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user. The distribution functions of PIL are made by 32 dealers. Functions of the dealers: †¢ Sell the cars to the private company, people or NGO which are produced by the 1st party. Here Pragoti is the 1st party, †¢ They cannot sell other company’s cars except the Pragoti within the duration of the contract, †¢ The full payment will be collected by them from the buyers, †¢ Help the buyers in taking permission from BRTA, †¢ Will sell at least 40 cars within the deed duration, The performance will be evaluated after 6 months. Dealership will be cancelled if they fail to achieve the quota.

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World Literature - Essay Example Anyone failing to work through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ is therefore determined to be destined for hell, simply because he did not work through the accepted channels. This assumption has been heavily questioned by the intelligentsia of various ages, though, as the directives in the Bible and the legends proposed by the Catholic Church continued to be at cross-purposes to themselves and as science and technology provided more concrete and reliable solutions to age-old problems in other arenas. This form of questioning the true nature of redemption can be found at the beginning of the nineteenth century with the publication of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s epic poem Faust as well as in the twentieth century with T.S. Eliot’s Wasteland. Goethe’s poem was published in two parts, the first appearing in 1808 and the sequel not being completed until just before the poet’s death in 1832. While there have been many interpretations of the basic storyline over time, including several circulating well before Goethe adopted it, Goethe’s Faust is presented as a character seeking fulfillment in terms of finding absolute truth and the meaning of existence as opposed to the more typical representation of a self-absorbed scholar interested only in increasing his own power. While Goethe’s character retains the sense of the dissatisfied scholar, he also demonstrates the higher existential longings of the new age of science and intellectualism. His dissatisfaction is illustrated upon his first introduction in the poem: â€Å"I have, alas! Philosophy, / Medicine, Jurisprudence too, / And to my cost Theology, / With ardent labour, studied through. / And here I stand, with all my lore, / Poor feel, no wiser than before.† While he has spent his life educating himself and others in every possible field of knowledge, Faust still finds he is no wiser than

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How Effective Was English Foreign Policy 1515 -1529 Essay Example for Free

How Effective Was English Foreign Policy 1515 -1529 Essay How effective was English Foreign Policy by Eniola (Enny) Salau The English Foreign Policy from 1515 to 1528 can often be described as incoherent; this is because the aims of foreign policy from 1515 to 1529 kept altering due to the change in balance of power in Europe. This meant that for England to keep acting as the centre for European affair the foreign policy would have to keep changing. A result of this was that the foreign policy seemed ineffective due to lack of structure, the high costs, and few territorial acquisitions was the traditional opinion on the foreign policy that it was a failure. However with all of these mentioned factors the foreign policy could also have been seen as very effective. This was due to its ability to adapt to situations that arose in the period 1515 to 1529. If you break down this time period into smaller sections you can look at them individually and see where the foreign policy was effective on a smaller scale. When looking at this way it is easier to get a bigger picture as to how effective the foreign policy actually was. Gaining international recognition and influence for England was a big part of Henry’s foreign policy; this was because England had not been an active part of European affairs since the end of the hundred year’s war in 1453. So with Henry’s ascension to the throne and wanting to make g his mark this was a very important factor on judging how effective the foreign policy was because this was one of the more consistent of the factors of the foreign policy from 1515 to 1529. An example was in 1513 Henry gained Tournai and Therouanne, this is a good example of how the foreign policy was effective as Tournai was a significant achievement as although it wasn’t a city of great economic or strategic importance it was internationally known therefore bringing England prestige, this would add to the international recognition got England. The capture of Therouanne in the same year also meant that Henry was gaining an ally and this was another factor that links in with whether or not the foreign policy was effective. This was because with Therouanne once England captured Therouanne it was given to Maximilian who wanted it and then burnt to the ground. Connections with Maximilian due to this exchange would increase England’s international influence as he was now in the league of major personalities in European affairs. Also during England’s campaigns in 1512-13 Emperor Maximilian served under the English flag and pay. This would build up English influence as it would mean that countries less important than England would start to look towards England as a powerful force as it had been good enough for the Holy Roman Emperor. This also links to personal glory and status of Henry during this period. Success at the Battle of the spurs and battle of Flodden in 1513 also increased England’s influence as it showed that England was eliminating enemies on the continent and those closer to home, showing that England was a powerful force even though she may not have been as powerful as countries such as England and France. During 1512 to 1513 the successful examples above shows that the foreign policy was very effective and did implement Henry’s aims. Although these examples also have negatives as territorial acquisition is a factor that can influence a country’s international recognition and influence as the more land you have the more powerful you were but due to what little territory was actually acquired with all the effort that was put in this made gaining international influence and recognition was a failure therefore making the foreign policy ineffective during 1512 – 13. Contrastingly from 1518 to 1521 the foreign policy could be seen as effective in gaining international influence and recognition for England as in 1518 the Treaty of London gained international recognition for England as using the international influence gained from 1512-1513 England had been able to bring the twenty leading states of Europe together and make them adapt a policy of collective security and be at peace with one another. Henry and Wolsey also used this as an opportunity to gain more influence as the Treaty of London meant that they had removed some of the power from the Holy Roman Empire as it had originally been the Pope’s plan. The Bruges Treaty of 1521 showed that England’s influence had some a long way since 1512 as both France and the Holy Roman Empire had been bidding for English support. Although this period can also be seen as showing that the foreign policy had been ineffective in gaining England international recognition and influence as the land that had been gained (Tournai) was now being given away to France in the Treaty of London so nothing significant had been gained as it had been an exchange instead. Overall the foreign policy was effective in gaining England international support and influence as this provided bargaining tools for the future but with hindsight the foreign policy didn’t actually gain much recognition and influence for England. Acquiring personal glory and status was a big part of Henry’s aims as he wanted to be seen as a chivalrous and valiant king. Examples of how the foreign policy was effective in succeeding this aim were in the Battle of Flodden 17th September 1513 and the Battle of the Spurs 16th August 1513. Henry had shown that his army could be victorious with and without him leading as he had such a powerful military this enhanced his own personal status that the Battle of Flodden had been won while he was on the campaign in France. Although this can also be seen as a failure of the foreign policy as it showed that Henry wasn’t that successful a king as the battle of Flodden arranged and organised by his wife Catherine of Aragon, which removed the Scottish menace to England for years to come. This therefore upstaged Henry’s victory in the Battle of the Spurs was not a personal glory for him. The Field of Cloth of Gold was also an example of how Henry and Wolsey used the foreign policy to acquire personal glory and status. Even though it was not the most significant in terms of making policies and deals it did show that the Henry was at the same level as Francis I in 1520. This asserted England’s status in European affairs. Again in August 1525 in the Treaty of the More the agreement to receive pensions from the French meant added possible glory for Henry as in his campaign in 1513 he believed that he would be able to go back to France in 1514 and be crowned the King of France but due to a la ck of funds he was unable to return. This meant that the pensions that would be received as a result of the Treaty of the More could eventually lead to personal glory for England leading on to an elevated status. Although towards the end of this period in foreign policy all of England’s efforts to have increased glory an status appeared to be a waster as in 1529 in the League of Cambrai England became isolated as Francis 1 and Charles V had agreed to bring fighting to an end this meant that England could no longer act as an arbiter was no longer an equal to France like it had been during the Field of Cloth of Gold. Although during the later years of the foreign policy there were some successes such as the Treaty of Westminster in April 1527 which meant that there was a perpetual peace between England and France, Francis I had also agreed that either him or he’s second son would marry Mary I this would assert England’s status and give Henry a personal glory as he had made a useful connection and deve loped an alliance. This would therefore make the foreign policy more effective in the later years. However incoherency of the foreign policy did dampen the glory of the later years of the foreign policy as in 1526 due to the League of Cognac Henry had agreed to fight Charles if he refused to join the peace, this meant that war was declared on France in 1528. England declared war but didn’t cut off trade as the profitability of the English cloth market was extremely dependent on the Flanders Cloth market. Due to this â€Å"double-play† situation England was left humiliated and so removing most of the status and glory that had been developed for England with the foreign policy from 1515 -1529. Generally the foreign policy was quite effective in acquiring personal glory and status as it meant that England wasn’t constantly working towards gaining more and even though they were losses they were equally matched with victories. Gaining territory or control over France as mentioned in the theme of gaining international influence and recognition for England was a big issue for Henry as France was England’s traditional enemy, also Henry had wanted to revive the victories of Henry V and take back lands that he believed England held claim to. As we know a lot of Henry’s Foreign policy was based around going to war so this should have been a theme that the foreign policy was actively trying to make the most effective part of the foreign policy from 1515 to 1529. In the early Henry did manage to gain Tournai in 1513 which was internationally known and did act as a bargaining tool in the Anglo-French Treaty in 1518, as it was a result of this that France signed the Treaty of London. Therouanne was another acquired territory in 1513 but it was given away to Maximilian and burnt to the ground making it a waste of resources as they didn’t gain any extra land, but it did mean that Tournai was easie r to capture as the people of Tournai feared Maximilain so believed it would be easier to give into England. England also had the advantage of having funding to be able to attack France so as to be able to gain control and territory in France, for instance in 1523 parliament grating Wolsey money for the attack on France and the forced loans of 1522 and 1523 provided even more money. This should have meant that the foreign policy was very effective as England now had the funding to attack France which had been all that had stopped England in 1514. Although several things stood in England’s way for instance in 1515 when Francis I allowed the Duke of Albany to return to Scotland an replace Margaret as regent this removed the English influence in Scotland and also meant England’s two enemies were now linked causing a bigger threat an making England to lose control over them. The failure of Bourbon in August 1523 to rally up support to rebel against Francis I ruined Henry and Wolsey’s chances of beating France. In this factor England’s successful alliance with Charles would have given England the chance to gain territory and control over France as when Charles defeated Francis at Pavia in 1525 Henry had wanted to gain some land but failed to due to the lack of things to actually offer to Charles in return as Charles no had everything he actually wanted. This was one of the least effective parts of the foreign policy from 1515 to 1529, this was because England didn’t gain any land but instead gave lots away and in doing so also gave away his right to attempt to gain these lands back, so England had made a loss with this factor in the way foreign policy had been set out in terms of gaining territory and control over France. Managing the finance of the wars was one of the themes of the foreign policy for this time frame that can be seen as a failure as the cost of the wars and campaigns were just too expensive in comparison to what was actually got in return. This is because on average England had an income of about  £110,000 while from 151 to 1525 Henry spent  £1.4 million on warfare, this is made even worse by the fact that there was no real tangible gains at the end of 1529. Successes of being able to manage the finances were that there was always a place to draw money from for instance in the heavy parliamentary taxation in 1523-4 and the forced loans of 122 and 23; this meant that there wasn’t ever a massive shortage of money. This could also be seen a s a hindrance for Henry as this supply of money may have been the reason for him entering campaigns for the benefit of allies or even â€Å"potential† allies even if they didn’t have that great a benefit for England. Also for Henry to be able to compete with countries such as France and the Holy Roman Empire he would need to spend like this. For instance France had an annual income of  £350,000 while the Holy Roman Empire had an annual income of  £560,000. Although this supply of money wasn’t always available, for instance, failure of the amicable grant in 1525 due to the taxpayers revolt. This was not an effective part of foreign policy as it did not make use of the supplies that had been provided for England, such as the money that had been saved by Henry VII. Making alliances was an important part of the foreign policy an ought to have been very effective this was because to do anything you usually need the support of other countries especially in the case of England where it was not the very strongest companies and the opponents were often stronger. Overall Henry and Wolsey’s foreign policy didn’t make any alliances that were beneficial 100% of the time, but they did make several alliances that did benefit them most of the time. Although the alliances that were made did have advantages in the short term but not necessarily in the long term. Making alliances with almost all of the key players in Europe meant that the foreign policy in this time was very effective as it allowed Henry to get the most out of people around him. Examples of where Henry was able to successfully develop alliances was with the Treaty of London in 1518 Henry and Wolsey were able to get alliances with both Ferdinand and Charles by being an arbiter or peace, this meant that England was preventing being isolated and was using both leaders to England’s advantages. The Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 was also important to making reliable alliances as even though it appeared that England was taking France’s side Henry and Wolsey had cleverly planned it by meeting Charles before the Field of Cloth of Gold and afterwards at Gravelines. Once again using both leaders to his advantage. Although this did affect how effective the foreign policy as the distrust built up between Henry and alliances meant that in the future when Henry wanted something from the allies they could very easily turn on him like after Pavia in 1525 when Charles didn’t give Henry parts of France even though they were allies at the time and it was what Henry had wanted. Henry also used his alliances to get money and gain a position of neutrality. Where the foreign policy failed to make reliable alliances was with the Treaty of Cambrai in 1517 where an agreement was made between France and Charles meaning that everything Henry had tried to avoid had happened. The switching of alliances was also a way of preventing one power or country becoming extremely powerful and being able to rule all so setting them off against each other and never permanently assigning themselves to one or the other meant that England was able to keep the balance of power spread and not heavily based around one country. Getting Henry a divorce was one of the more personal aspects of the foreign policy, this was because the divorce had more negative effects for England than it did positive effects yet it was what Henry wanted. The foreign policy was effective in getting Henry closer towards getting a divorce as after the Treaty of London in 1518 Henry was held high up in the church and was a Papal Legate therefore he could influence the Pope’s decision or at least try and get the divorce solved in a way that would benefit Henry such as having the case solved in England. Henry’s alliance with Charles who was the Holy Roman Emperor could help him, although this didn’t go to plan as the foreign policy failed to help Henry get a divorce as Charles was Catherine of Aragon’s nephew and was therefore opposed to the divorce and would therefore do anything to stop it. After the sack of Rome in 1527 the Pope was under Charles’ power, so therefore unlikely to grant the annulment for Henry against Charles’ wishes. Also toe Pope wasn’t in support of Henry after he stole the idea for the Treaty of London right from underneath him in 1520. This is an example of how although the foreign policy was ineffective as all of the effort sometimes amounted to nothing. In conclusion I believe that the fact that Henry was struggling to get a divorce is a good example to summaries why the foreign policy was ineffective this was because due to the unreliable allies and the constant drive for international influence an recognition Henry had failed to develop political friendships that he so desperately needed when it came to personal matter like the divorce. It was also the incoherency of the foreign policy that added to this. Although the foreign policy couldn’t be dismissed as being totally ineffective even though it did put very extreme stains on resources such as money with the heavy expenditure on warfare, it did result in the most manipulative and beneficial way to run a country of England’s size and status without getting too actively involved as the tense relationship between Francis I and Charles V made it very difficult to hold a position of neutrality. The foreign policy was effective on the short term as it did more than once give useful results; the advantage of this was that it meant that if there was a problem, with the foreign policy it could be easily adapted to benefit England. Therefore the incoherency and lack of structure in the foreign policy for England led to a policy that was best suited to the ever changing centre of power for Europe from 1515 to 1529.

Senses Truth

Senses Truth Senses Your senses are the inner being of our souls and that is what needs to be used first and foremost. Trust can be broken and emotions are deceiving/ Our senses tell us when something is wrong and if we chose to ignore our senses and trust what someone is telling us we can end up being hurt and if we go on emotions boy, children get hurt many times when they feel that bad and trust that a bad person with a sob story will tell them. NO we need to trust our senses Tricky question FIRST, we have to be totally AWARE of our senses what they make us feel like and what they mean. Emotions are quite a bit harder to truly understand. When a person IS totally aware of their senses, then it is important to trust them at all times. Emotions should be acted on only after you really understand them, so trusting them automatically is not always wise. The senses never give us truth they give us data. Truth is not something we sense, it is something we recognize. Truth is a state of being. Accuracy of the data imparted by the senses is pretty reliable, however our interpretation of that data is many times in error. Emotion is the bodys reaction to thought. We can trust the information that emotion imparts only as far as we have been able to become aware of how it operates in our lives. All emotion is giving us information about ourselves and is best dealt with acceptance for what it is. Knowing the real message of our emotions as opposed to just reacting with them is the measure of how much one can trust his emotions. Most of the time, but not always. Because if youre hopped up on pills, well then your senses really wont be all that reliable. The question is askew. Rephrase, -when should we trust our senses in rooting out a lie-. Our senses work best in trying to prove if something violates our knowledge of reality, not if what we know is absolutely true, but rather if a new truth violates known truths, and the old ways remain the way. Previous experience with our senses let us know that something is fishy. We may not know the truth per say, but we know crap on velcro when we smell it. When I feel theres something is wrong, theres a truth to it. When I fell I cant stand anymore then I should let go. Our greatest enemy is ourself including our senses. What we feel sometimes kills us or telling us what will come ahead. We should know when to trust our senses and when not to.the truth is what we sense,different sense got different truth,but is is all based on what we SENSE,and SENSING is the nature who know ITSELF,SO ALL IS TRUTH. EVEN ILLUSION IS THE TRUTH OF SOMETHING REALLY EXIST BEHIND THE SENSING. I strongly believe in trusting ur instincts ur inner voice. But u should also take into account the evidence the clues around us. hey guys im going to do my ToK essay on When should we trust our senses to give us truth? (#2) Some ideas ive got so far is defining truth . how sense perception is how we see the world and the way we interpret it might be flawed and so what we take to be true could be false I cannot really come up with any examples of WHEN we should trust our senses to give us the truth because i dont really believe senses give us the truth ( except for when my milk is really hot or cold but again that is with respect to me, might be the opposite for another) .. i think senses just gives us raw information tht we then process through our knowledge and come up with what we believe is true but is what we believe to be true really true? yeah am i heading in the right direction with this essay? any help appreciated hey i am doing the same topic yea i think ur in d right direction..start by defining truth (this can get philosophical) and then the senses namely sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste. The functioning of all these senses together may give u sum truth (again, what is truth) but isnt truth based on our own perception? the best example for reasoning that i came up with is belief in god. we dont see him, hear him, feel him, etc. but we still believe in him. Now wat causes this? It is the faith and for us it becomes the ultimate truth. then wat if u hav a cold? can u still trust ur sense of smell? just emphasize on small everyday examples..it should b fine. Glad to help. Keep me posted if u hva any other ideas I think youre heading in the right direction! For TOK essays I have found that you dont have to come up with an answer, you just have to debate the topic (because when is there ever an answer in philosophy?) Somehow, you should relate it back to knowledge. Research the philosopher A.J. Ayer and his concept of justified true belief basically, for something to be known it has to be believed, justified (by the senses perhaps) and true. The difficulty is proving whether something is true (science, for example, never proves anything just supports it). Then, theres the whole spiral of how to test the accuracy of your senses (or any other way of knowing): how do you then test the accuracy of the method you use to test whether your senses were accurate, and then how do you test this method etc. There is another theory of knowledge known as justified reliablism where for a knowledge claim to be knowledge it has to be believed, true and justified according to a reliable cognitive process t here is a lot of debate over what constitutes a reliable cognitive process and in particular about whether the senses are trustworthy enough to be this process. Its worth a research. The question seems to be rooted in a similar question from last year: Are some ways of knowing more likely to lead to the truth than others? If you could get hold of some of these essays you would definitely get some idea of how to tackle this question (Just dont misuse them using same examples, etc.). If you ask nicely, I can email you my response to that very question. Truth I hav a question definin truth n al that is fine! but isnt the topic suppose to be around when can v trust the senses..to giv us truth True, and that is what the essay should focus on, but at the beginning of your essay you need to define your terms. There is no point writing an essay that no-one understands. When I say define truth, I mean briefly take a paragraph or so and the beginning of your essay to define stuff (knowledge, truth, just some of the more abstract concepts that youll be dealing with) TRUTH is CREATED as part of a biological process. It can be understood in terms of DEVELOPMENT, ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, and PHYSIOLOGY. As we transfer information we learn about the world (lets call it reality) into ourselves by means of whatever sensory abilities we can bring to bear, we are right to question and test our percxeptions to establish the validity and reliability of our experiences and the beliefs they engender. Is there a difference between the real world (reality) and what we think we know about it (truth) We are all concerned about what is true and what is not with what is real. Do we always perceive what we think we do? How far can we trust our senses? (read Plato on this point!) Scientists that explore the boundaries of what is known of the world are especially wary. They are often confronted with information for which there is little or no precedent to guide their judgment about the meaning of their data. For example, having an emotional investment in a particular outcome of an experiment is a notorious source of unconscious bias. The objectivity of a researcher is highly admired as is their efforts to assure the validity and reliability of their data. Never, our senses are deceiving. There is no constant formula to our senses. It what makes it so hard for us to observe things clearly, to gain a sense of reality. We shall never be able to perceive something from other peoples viewpoints, ergo we shall never have a shared opinion. If anything, we can only rely on mathematics and reason. It is the most universal thing we have. Your senses, sight, hearing etc always give you the truth, they are incapable of anything else. The problem is, how do you interpret the evidence. There are books on optical illusions but if you know its an illusion it easy to see the trickery. If you dont know its an illusion you can be fooled, so be cautious. its what you perceive as truth till you shown different..for example..when we ask mommie and daddy where do babies come from and you get the ole stork storyyou find out laterya know? #1. When they corroborate with what we logically reason. #2. Whenever they do not contradict themselves, or the past. #3. Whenever you are sensible, alert, and at rest. As examples, being drunk or high does not count as this. #4. At all times. You can trust your senses! They simply pick up what is around us! #5. Never. Do not trust your senses! They are fooled far too easily! Any time that truth can be independently verified by evidence, sound logic, science, etc. True of false exists only in our language. There is a commonly told joke of a man driving on a two laned roadway. A beautiful woman drives past him going the other way in a convertible. As she goes by she leans out and yells, PIG. The man is visibly upset and starts thinking, Why did she call me a pig? I dont even know this woman. Maybe I met her and dont really remember her face? He continues driving as hes having these thoughts. As he rounds a bend in the road, he runs into a huge pig standing in the road. So all that happend was she yelled pig. There was nothing true of false in what she did. But his interpretation of her actionthat she called him a pigwas not related to the reality of what happened. Even had he thought she was trying to warn him, that would only have been one possible interpretation and may not have been any more true than the interpretation the shes calling him a pig. when we are using our senses solely for the material sides of things, and we feel certain that we would have the agreement of most or all rational observers over what we sense. In a rational state of mind, a car seen approaching should be taken as a real event. find that strictly scientific people have problems straying from their scientific rigor in ToK. You must find a way to diverge from this science thing and write a balanced essay. Ill say what I always do in these ToK threads. Find something one end of the spectrum such as Math/Science and then find another AoK to contrast it with such as Art/Ethics etc. I dont believe we should ever trust our senses to give us truth. Why do you think we have created so much advanced machinery that can perceive what we cannot, to give us reliable knowledge? Did your teacher not show you psychological illusions to show how awful our perception and senses are? The bottom line is that we should rarely trust our senses to give us truth, but unfortunately they are all we have Our senses are how we view the outside world. Without them, we would be hopeless. I then gave a few examples of animals trusting senses with their lives senses are used to understand the outside world, the world that is foreign from our bodies. However, our senses can be deceived, like a magic trick. Also, there are some spectras of light that our human eye cannot see. So therefore, we cant trust our senses to give us ALL the info. Then I defined truth and linked it with the information that our senses gave. Then I stated that perhaps what we see may not be what we see after all, just what we call it. Hence, I am typing on a computer, or more accurately, I am communicating my ideas to you on a object I call a computer, whether it be it or not. The latter would be more true than the former. Quote Rene Descartes and describe the Matrix-effect. Then conclude. Cant remember what I got exactly, but I remember I did really well. Hope it helps. I think one big way of knowing to talk about in this title would be perception and the problems with perception, how perception are subjective/biased? and can be deceived. But as you said its important to focus on the WHEN of perception, not the WHETHER. Tok essays are about 4 things defining the words arguing against what you think arguing for what you think concluding that what you think is write with a sprinkling of areas of knowledge throughout 2bh ur question doesnt seem very TOKey, it doesnt lend itself to any specific area of knowledge. relate truth to truth in science and maths or 2 other areas of knowledge. for example in science we see salt dissappear when it goes into water, but if we evaporate off the water than the salt will still be there. what we observe is something dissaperaing but the truth (scientific truth) is that the salt dissolves due to etc etc scientific explanation. i submitted this essay yesterday.. it had the same question to answer.. you just mention in the main body a bit about the argument between believing in senses or not with evidences and the say when we must trust them .. i wrote that we trust them when it seems logical for example when u put a pencil in a cup of water then observe the pencil broken because of refraction,, then in this case u dont believe in it because u can easily use another sense which is touch to check.. thats what i wrote i dont know if its right or not .. but nothing is wrong in TOK.. right..? >> think so just give alot of examples in ur essay.. hope ive helped..

The Salem Witch Trials Essay examples -- American History Witch Witche

The Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witchcraft trials in Massachusetts during 1692 resulted in nineteen innocent men and women being hanged, one man pressed to death, and in the deaths of more than seventeen who died in jail. It all began at the end of 1691 when a few girls in the town began to experiment with magic by gathering around a crystal ball to try to find the answer to questions such as "what trade their sweet harts should be of ". This conjuring took place in the Parris household where a woman named Tituba, an Indian slave, headed the rituals. Soon after they had begun to practice these rituals, girls who had been involved, including the Master Parris' daughter and niece, became sick. They had constant fits, twitched, cried, made odd noises, and huddled in corners. The family called in doctors, and they were treated for many illnesses. Nothing helped. Many weeks later after running out of reasons for their strange behavior, all of their symptoms seemed to lead to one belief, "The evil hand is upon them." They were possessed by the Devil. At first the families of the children could not find anyone to accuse for being the witch responsible for possessing the children. Then, late in February of 1692, Parris' neighbor, Mary Sibley recommended that Parris' slaves, Tituba and John Indian, should work a spell to try to find the culprits. Even after trying this solution the girls' condition worsened, and the people responsible still had not been found. The girls began to see hazy shadows and believed that these shadows were of the people who had done this to them. After more and more children became victims of this, the hunting for the witches who were to blame for the girls' sickness began to get more serious.... ...time, credibility of an accusation was not checked thoroughly, instead the person accused was simply locked up in jail until their trial time came. Even then, if they did not confess to being guilty, they were punished sometimes even killed. Although the law is innocent until proven guilty, and had been practiced before the trials, in the case of the witchcraft trials, the accused witches were guilty until proven innocent. Not many were given the chance to prove themselves to be innocent. Bibliography 1. Guilley Ellen, Witches and Witchcraft (New York: Facts on File, 1989), 152. 2. Wilson, Lori Lee, The Salem Witch Trials (Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing Company, 1997) 3. Hoffer Peter, The Salem Witchcraft Trials: A Legal History (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 212. 4. Zeinert, Karen. The Salem Witchcraft Trials, (New York: F. Watts, 1989),

Integrating Anthropogenic Pollutants to Hard Red Wheat for Analysis of

Within the last century society’s reliance on petroleum and petroleum based products increased drastically. Currently the United States, the planet’s largest petroleum consumer, consumes twenty-five percent of the planet’s total petroleum, while only holding two percent of the natural resource (Banerjee, 2012). This has led to environmental catastrophes and cultural dependencies. Environmental catastrophes, which include the British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon Gulf spill, have demonstrated how a society dependent on petroleum can negatively affect the environment. Currently the Gulf is still undergoing heavy renovation to restore the once naturally rich environment. Oil spills, like the Deepwater Horizon, have led to growing concern about the chemicals society as a whole use and the effects they have on the environment. These catastrophes have led to hot topic debates, mainly due to the harmful anthropogenic pollutants entering the environment, which include global warming fresh water and soil quality. With these concerns arising, the need to protect the environment from anthropogenic pollutants entering the environment is in dire need. Anthropogenic pollutions can enter the soil directly or indirectly. This can originate from leaks, run-offs, mid-night dumping, improper discharge of chemical waste and a wide variety of other sources. Regulation to prevent pollution is in place by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States and the World Health Organization (WHO) in Europe. However, societies have become reliant on petroleum and petroleum based products, so the need to adapt and evolve becomes necessary in order to combat these pollutants. Adapting and evolving becomes a necessity if a society... ...cessed on March . 13, 2012. Banks K.M, and Schultz E. K. 2005. â€Å"Comparison of Plants for Germination Toxicity Test in Petroleum-Contaminated Soils.† Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 167: 211- 219. Dominguez-Rosado Elena, and John Pichtel. 2004. â€Å"Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated with Used Motor Oil: II. Greenhouse Studies.† Environmental. Engineering Science 21:169-180. Gillian Adam, and Harry Duncan. 2002. â€Å"Influence of diesel fuel on seed .germination.† Environmental Pollution 120: 363.370. Scotts Miracle Gro. 2012. â€Å"Osmocote Potting Soil.† http://www.scotts.com/smg/catalog/productTemplate.jsp?proId=prod10650020&. itemId=cat10290002&tabs=general. Assessed on March 21, 2003. Tang Jingchun, Wang Min, Wang Fei, Qing Sun, and Qizing Zhou. 2011. â€Å"Eco-toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil.† Journal of Environmental Science 23: 845-85.1.