Free Essays on Huck And Holden Comparison

Throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain and Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Huck and Holden go through a series of events from which they are able to learn and grow from. They are able to develop opinions that they did not hold at the beginning of the novels but that they have formed from their travels, and both Huck and Holden are changed by the end of each novel. Although both Huck and Holden’s growth is addressed in the endings, both novels fail to provide a definite future for them. During their journeys, the reader wonders what is going to happen to Huck and Holden once this series of adventures is over and what their outlooks are. The reader is left uncertain of their future when different paths are presented from which the characters have to choose. In Huck Finn and Catcher in the Rye, the authors bring the main characters back to where they begun which makes their growth from their journeys more evident. At the end of Huck Finn, Aunt Sally is planning to ‘sivilize’ Huck, but Huck has already been ‘sivilized’ once and from his journey down the Mississippi he has viewed the ways of society and has rejected them. At the beginning of the novel, Huck holds conflicting beliefs and is not sure whether he should follow society and its rules. By the end, he has decided from his travels that he has to form his own opinions and make his own decisions because society is not all that many believe it to be. In Catcher in the Rye, Holden holds a cynical view of society and the people in it, but in the end, Holden acknowledges his cynical view by revealing that he is under the care of a psychoanalyst and then says, â€Å"Don’t ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody† (Catcher 214). Holden has begun to accept the people in society that he criticized throughout the novel and accepted the fact that he cannot protect children from entering the adult world. This shows that from the var... Free Essays on Huck And Holden Comparison Free Essays on Huck And Holden Comparison Throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain and Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Huck and Holden go through a series of events from which they are able to learn and grow from. They are able to develop opinions that they did not hold at the beginning of the novels but that they have formed from their travels, and both Huck and Holden are changed by the end of each novel. Although both Huck and Holden’s growth is addressed in the endings, both novels fail to provide a definite future for them. During their journeys, the reader wonders what is going to happen to Huck and Holden once this series of adventures is over and what their outlooks are. The reader is left uncertain of their future when different paths are presented from which the characters have to choose. In Huck Finn and Catcher in the Rye, the authors bring the main characters back to where they begun which makes their growth from their journeys more evident. At the end of Huck Finn, Aunt Sally is planning to ‘sivilize’ Huck, but Huck has already been ‘sivilized’ once and from his journey down the Mississippi he has viewed the ways of society and has rejected them. At the beginning of the novel, Huck holds conflicting beliefs and is not sure whether he should follow society and its rules. By the end, he has decided from his travels that he has to form his own opinions and make his own decisions because society is not all that many believe it to be. In Catcher in the Rye, Holden holds a cynical view of society and the people in it, but in the end, Holden acknowledges his cynical view by revealing that he is under the care of a psychoanalyst and then says, â€Å"Don’t ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody† (Catcher 214). Holden has begun to accept the people in society that he criticized throughout the novel and accepted the fact that he cannot protect children from entering the adult world. This shows that from the var...

Top Secrets of the Perfect Informative Essays

Top Secrets of the Perfect Informative Essays Informative Essay Writing: Useful Tips and Guides Various academic assignments require efforts and time for their accomplishment. If you are dealing with an informative essay, you should remember that in order to complete this exact assignment successfully, one requires enough time and exceptional writing talent. When you have an assigned topic for your essay paper, your task becomes much easier. The students, who have no topic assigned, need to figure out what to write about by themselves. Definitely, it requires a lot of time and nerves, maybe even a few sleepless nights. If you have no idea how to pick the best possible topic, you probably need professional help. It is beneficial to reach an expert online writing service, and order a complete informative essay, thus saving your time and nerves. Informative Essay: Main Characteristics and Meaning An informative essay is an exceptional type of academic paper, which reveals a specific topic and inform the readers about a particular person, event or an object. When writing a paper, imagine that your readers have no idea about the topic you are writing about, and make sure you explain it in details. You must provide a detailed and meaningful explanation revealing the main ideas and statements in simple language. For example, when you want to inform people about digital marketing and SMM promotion, try to explain the topic using such concepts as target audience, context, online testing, promotion campaign, install rate, total profit, etc. You must have enough knowledge to clarify every complex concept clearly. Therefore, when you want to perform an excellent informative essay, it is important to learn a few main writing scenarios. The first scenario is for people, who have an assigned topic, and the second one for students who need to select an interesting topic for an essay paper by themselves. Expert Instructions on How to Write an Informative Essay It is important for every student to know how to perform an informative essay properly. Since it will allow you to write any other type of essay papers in a less time further. The entire writing process of different essay papers is quite the same, thus includes the paper writing itself, editing and proofreading. Perfect essay papers of various kinds consist of the following parts – introduction, main body paragraphs, and conclusion. Besides, writing an informative essay allows you to improve your analytical abilities and writing skills significantly. How to Write an Outline Various academic assignments require an outline to make the writing process more convenient and the paper more professional. An outline is as essential, as an introduction, main body, and conclusion. It is also important not to forget about the list of references to include in your paper. There is no need to add any additional parts if you write a standard essay. An informative essay requires providing information about the importance of a research work instead of writing down a thesis statement. The outline of an essay paper may be the following: History of the research and Origins. Explain the reason for the research work and the origin of the analyzed problem. The main process revealed. Explain the main object in details and provide the explanation of complex processes in simple words. Advantages. This part of the text requires a list of benefits the analyzed object brings and its overall importance for people. How to Select a Perfect Informative Essay Topic? Use the following tips and guides to choose the best topic for your essay: Always select a very specific topic, avoid unclear and vague ones. There is no need to write about such concepts as â€Å"friendship† or â€Å"love† since you will find no specific data or materials to support your thesis. Avoid boring or too complicated topics. If you are not interested in the topic, you are writing about, there will be no use to write an essay at all. Choose the topic that is important for the people in your community. Always check essay requirements in advance to select the most appropriate essay topic. Be aware, an in-depth analysis before the start of the writing process is crucial for a perfect paper. You can find a lot of informative essay samples online to see how to properly format your own paper. Our writers always recommend students to focus on their vocabulary once performing an informative essay. It is crucial to work with a list of specialized terms related to your selected topic before starting to write a paper. Every student needs to understand the complex concepts and learn how to clearly explain them to readers. Examples of the Best Topics of an Informative Essay After delivering numerous successful informative essays for students all over the world, we can surely name a few of the best topics of an informative essay to help you to deal with your own topic. Digital Marketing. This up-to-date advanced method of marketing remains an important niche for a bunch of talented specialists nowadays. Make sure to reveal its benefits for clients and the difference between traditional and digital marketing. Legalization of marijuana. This is a central issue, which needs to be explained in details, including the meaning of the term, law regulations, the effect on human beings, and the consequences for modern society. Weapons Use. Explain in your paper how to better control weapons usage and prevent various tragedies that occur due to the neglect of the rules. People Addictions. Write down a few types of people addictions. Explain the best ways of getting rid of these addictions and the top methods of preventing other people from becoming addicted. The origin of the world. Discuss a few leading theories of the world origin, their strong and weak points, and the importance of this issue in modern world. If you still have no idea what topic to select for your informative essay, you can get more useful tips and guides from our writing experts, who are ready to deal with any academic assignment.

Confidential Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Confidential Analysis - Essay Example According to a study by ACER Leadership Centre, (ACER Leadership Centre, Australia), â€Å"Partnerships between key leaders in education, business and the wider community are especially important.† Inclusion of community leaders as partners in the governance of a school will benefit in education and employment for the students and creating social harmony and economic well-being at both individual and community levels. The school gets to benefit from the expertise and experience of leaders in other fields. First and foremost, the contribution of the donors must be kept in mind while identifying community leaders in the school community. Without the generous and continued support of the patrons, it would neither have been possible to start or run the school, the way it has been done all these years. Sustaining the school and taking adequate steps to ensure its fiscal resources are in place is the first step to empowering the school and the student community. Thus, the role of the financial supporters as community leaders must not be undermined. Next would be the role of Natural Resource Program Consultant. As a leader in sociology, the consultant would be able to steer the school towards better understanding of the social problems in the area, and ways to deal with them. The consultant would help the children utilize the available manpower and other resources in the area for the benefit of the student community. In 2006, The University of Colorado Foundation, the philanthropic partner of the University of Colorado, announced that long-time Denver civic and business leaders Joel Edelman and Robert â€Å"Bob† Willis had joined the Foundation staff. As a consultant Edelman helped the University of Colorado’s School of Medicine relocate to Fitzsimons and spearheaded the creation and launch of a new nursing program for Metropolitan State College of Denver. (CU Foundation Taps Denver Community

The Impact of the First World War Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

The Impact of the First World War - Assignment Example   The fear of a German uprising was no longer in the minds of the French as all the land that Germany was required to hand over was returned; the most important regions being Alsace and Lorraine. Germany's army was downsized to a maximum of 100,000 men; they were denied the use of tanks. The air force was disbanded and the navy was only allowed to staff and operate six ships; however, no submarines were allowed to remain operational. The land fifty kilometers east of the Rhine was pronounced a demilitarised zone, where no soldier with a weapon could enter. Overseas land previously owned by Germany was given to different European countries. The Saar, Danzig, and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations. One of the more important outcomes was the "War Guilt Clause" that required Germany to take on full responsibility for starting the war. This was important as it would show the world France's reason for participation in the war was only to defend against the German attacks. This also meant that Germany would have to pay reparations to France for the physical damage caused during the war. Clemenceau was the most satisfied out of the three leaders with the humiliation of Germany, and France now found new power in the world. Wilson was very pleased because as a result of the Paris Peace Conference his vision of the League of Nations had become a reality. The League would make it possible to solve conflicts all over the world in a peaceful manner, displaying Wilson's desire for worldwide peace. He said as much: "To promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security." (Wilson) The cost of creating the League was losing his other 13 original ideology points to gain the global support that was necessary to start the League and make it a success. As the post-war world was in the struggle of finding peace, there were a lot of countries intrigued by the international organization that promised to bring world peace. Wilson was of a peace-loving nature and was clearly angered by the great number of restrictions that Germany had to agree to in the Treaty as well as all the reparations they had to make. The harsh conditions that were imposed on Germany embarrassed and shamed Wilson. Nevertheless, he was very satisfied with the start of the League of Nations. One fact to be noted is that reparations to the United States were not mandated in the Treaty. It is true that the losses of the United States were not on the same scale as Britain and France because of their late entrance into the war. Lloyd-George was perhaps the least satisfied with the final terms of the treaty because of Clemenceau's persistence to bankrupt the German economy.  Ã‚  

Project manager for a Cable Planning Essay Example for Free

Project manager for a Cable Planning Essay As the project manager for a Cable Planning team, I will manage the creation of the cable plan for a new building that will be built, with construction set to begin in six weeks. My first task in creating a Cabling Plan is to develop an Executive Summary that will contain the Project Introduction and Infrastructure Cable Specifications and Standards. My manager gave me the overall project plan that includes: A detailed description of the new building, including the total number of computers for all of the employees of the company. Also the server and network topology hardware that is required to put the system together. Cable Standards and Codes: ANSI/NEMA Standards Publication No. WC 66-2001 â€Å"Performance Standard for Category 6 and Category 7 100 Ohm Shielded and Unshielded Twisted Pair Cables† ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-7 â€Å"Measurement of Optical Power Loss of Installed Single-Mode Fiber Cable Plant† ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-14A â€Å"Optical Power Loss Measurements of Installed Multimode Fiber Cable Plant† BICSI TDMM â€Å"Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual, 11th Edition† CENELEC EN 50173:2000 and amendments â€Å"Information Technology – Generic Cabling Systems† IEC/TR3 61000-5-2 – Ed. 1.0 and amendments â€Å"Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 5: Installation and mitigation guidelines – Section 2: Earthing and cabling† ISO/IEC 11801:2002 Ed 2.0 and amendments â€Å"Information technology – Generic cabling for customer premises† NFPA70 National Electric Code – Article 645 and Article 800 2.2.15. NFPA 70E â€Å"Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, 2004 Edition† 2.2.16. NFPA 75 â€Å"Standard for the Protection of Information Technology Equipment, 2003 Ed.† Building Standards and Codes: ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1, ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2, ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.3, and addenda â€Å"Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard – Part 1: General Requirements† â€Å"Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard – Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components (December 2003)† â€Å"Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard – Part 3: Optical Fiber Cabling and Components Standard† ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-B and addenda â€Å"Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces† ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A and addenda â€Å"Administration Standard for the Telecommunications Infrastructure of Commercial Buildings† NFPA 76 â€Å"Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities, 2005 Edition† ANSI-J-STD-607-A and addenda â€Å"Commercial Building Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications† Project Materials †¢Fiber-Optic Design Considerations a)We will be utilizing fiber optics in various ways. We will be crafting the backbone, and riser runs with fiber optic cables. †¢Basement Server Complex Design a)The server will have a network capacity that exceeds the 110 people/computers in the basement. One computer per person. b)We will patch each of these computers to the wall outlet with standard Cat6 patch cables. c)Risers and backbones will be constructed with fiber optic cables. d)Horizontal runs with utilize Cat6 cabling. e)We will need 5 Cisco WS-C3750 G-24PS-S:24 Ports catalyst switches to maintain the minimum standard of having 4 ports free on each switch †¢Standard Floor Design a)The network capacity of this design is to exceed 200 people/computers. One computer per person. b)I will patch each of these computers to the wall outlet with standard Cat6 patch cables. c)Risers and backbones will be constructed with fiber optic cables. d)Horizontal runs with utilize Cat6 cabling. e)I will need 10 Cisco WS-C3750 G-24PS-S:24 Ports catalyst switches to maintain the minimum standard of having 4 ports free on each switch. †¢Fiber-Optic Characteristics: a)SC connectors will be used to terminate optical cables. †¢Bandwidth a)The hardware we are installing will have a speed of 1Gbps. †¢Attenuation a)I will use special tools to test for attenuation as the project progresses, and replace accordingly. †¢Electromagnetic Immunity a)I will periodically test for interference. †¢Link Performance Analysis a)I will schedule periodic tests to verify performance, and bandwidth speeds. †¢Cable Transmission Performance a)I will test for inconsistencies in transmissions sent and received. †¢Splice and Connector Performance a)I will test each termination and connector to ensure it meets or exceeds the expected standards. †¢Power Budget a)I will calculate each devices power requirement, to ensure adequate power is provided. b)I will use energy efficient methods, which will not sacrifice performance, but ensure that utility costs do not exceed the budget. Standard floor layout

Comparing Dulce et Decorem Est with Charge of the Light Brigade Essay

Comparing Dulce et Decorem Est with Charge of the Light Brigade Although both 'Dulce et Decorum Est ´ and 'The Charge of the Light Brigade ´ are about battle and the death of soldiers, they portray the experience of war in different ways. The main difference between the poems is the message they express. They seem to be writing about completely different wars. Wilfred Owens poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est,’ was written from his point of view as a soldier in the war. It is much more personal and emotive than ‘Charge of the Light Brigade.’ Tennyson’s poem, on the other hand was written as one of his duties as the Poet Laureate at the time. It lacks the detail and also the personal experience that Owens’s poem has, and gives the impression that Tennyson does not actually care about the war very much and does not know much about it. ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’ was written to memorialise a suicidal charge by light cavalry over open terrain by British forces in the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War. 247 men of the 637 in the charge were killed or wounded. Tennyson wrote 'Light Brigade ´ in a few minutes after reading the description in The Times of the Battle of Balaclava in 1854. His poem increased the morale of the British soldiers fighting in the Crimean War and of the people at home, but Tennyson had not been an eyewitness to the battle he describes. I think Tennyson’s motive for writing this poem was to glorify the act of war, I feel he wanted to celebrate the bravery of the six hundred British troops who went to battle knowing that they were going to die. I think this because from my own knowledge I know Lord Tennyson was the poet Laureate at the time of the Crimean war, but did not witness any fight... ...atin is used. This contrasts with the rest of the poem and makes it more dramatic. The reader lingers on the last phrase to work out what it means and it makes more of an impact on them in Latin than it would in English. The last line of ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’ is also very dramatic. As I have already mentioned, it refers to the soldiers all the way through the poem as ‘the six hundred’ and then at the end refers to them as ‘the noble six hundred’ as if the war is over and the soldiers are victorious at the end of the poem. Overall I prefer ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ as it much more powerful to read. It is well structures and uses a lot of alliteration, assonance, such as ‘white eyes writhing’ and repetition all the way through. It makes the reader feel guilty, angry and understand the pain and suffering that the soldiers went through in a subtle way.

Modern Technology vs Books

One of the most important marvels of modern technology is the Internet, which has not just revolutionized the process of information retrieval, but also, dramatically changed the way people seek information. If in the past, people often had to spend so much time and energy going through many pages or sheets of printed media only to seek for specific information, now with the aid of the internet; information retrieval can be much easier and time-saving. The revolutionary way which the internet offers triggers an intriguing question whether it will replace books or printed media as the main source of information.From my observation, I tend to believe that it will. My main reason is because it has so many advantages over printed media, which make the former (the internet) more preferable, more interesting, more attractive, and even more reliable than the latter (printed media). As a result, more and more people turn to the internet every time they need to seek for information. Here are some of the advantages which I can list to support my belief. First, the kinds of information which the internet provides are almost unlimited.We can find almost any topics from a single computer equipped with a good connection to the internet, while it is impossible to find such a large number of topics only from a single book or a single newspaper. As a result, when people need almost any information, ranging from the latest news, house rentals, car sales, to public transport schedules and fares, they rely on the internet rather than printed media. Second, the information stored in the internet can be updated at very short intervals, enabling its users to always get the latest progress or development.This kind of updating can’t be applied to printed media and thus, printed media always lags behind the internet. Third, the internet also provides other facilities that printed media can’t provide. For example, it enables its users to perform multitasking or interactivit y, so that they can communicate with other people, play online games, download or upload pictures, and so on, while seeking for information. Fourth, the optimization of internet usage can reduce paper consumption significantly. Since the environmental awareness is on the rise, people are encouraged to reduce paper consumption.More paper consumption can lead to more deforestation because the raw materials for making paper basically come from forests. As a result, paperless office and â€Å"going paperless† are being intensively promoted, and here in this context, the internet has proved to be supportive. Looking at the rapidly widespread use of the internet and people’s increasing reliance on it, I believe that someday the internet will triumph over printed media. The first signs of it have shown. For example, the number of internet users is increasing so dramatically, while the sale of printed media is decreasing.

Nature and Causes of Police Corruption Essay

Chapter-One 1.1. Introduction and background of the study Police corruption is a form of police misconduct in which law enforcement officers seek personal gain, such as money or career advancement, through the abuse of power, for example by accepting bribes in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. Police officers in Bangladesh, almost without exception, are corrupt and will do just as much to earn some money as any other poor Bengali. Remember that many police officers choose this job, because it puts them in a position where they can squeeze some money out of their fellow countrymen. Although studied and researched, the topic of police corruption, in large part, remains a mystery. Sir Robert Peel was credited with the concept that the police depend on citizen cooperation in providing services in a democratic society. As such, the detrimental aspects of police misconduct cannot be overstated. In terms of public trust for law enforcement, recent polls show that only 56 percent of people rated the police as having a high or very high ethical standard as compared with 84 percent for nurses. Over the past few decades, great strides have occurred in the law enforcement profession. To begin with, many police agencies have avoided hiring candidates who have low ethical standards and have identified those onboard employees early in their careers who might compromise the department’s integrity. In addition, research has discovered new methods of testing candidates for their psychological propensity to act ethically. However, unethical conduct by the nation’s police officers continues to occur in departments large and small. Research into police corruption offers some understanding of the phenomenon in the hope of rooting out this behavior that serves to undermine the overall legitimacy of law enforcement. Theories on the role of society in law enforcement, the negative influence of an officer’s department, and a person’s own natural tendency to engage in unethical behavior have been offered as explanations of police corruption. In Bangladesh most of the people is peace loving but they can’t live in peace because of corruption in every major department here. People are facing so many troubles in their everyday life by police corruption when they go to them or they are arrested  by police. Police are using several ways to corrupt people. People are also identifying the causes and reacting as they influenced by the police personnel. It is called that police of our country is one of the most corrupted department of our government. In this research paper the present corruption nature of our police and how people react about them, the causes of police corruption are mainly observed. Any discussion on police will be incomplete without a word about the origin and development of this institution. Originally, the word ‘police’ was used in a wider sense to connote the management of internal economy and the enforcement of governmental regulation in a particular country. With the passage of time, the term ‘police’ began to use in a much narrower sense to connote an agency of the State to maintain law and order and enforce the regulation of the code of Criminal Procedure. In the present context of Bangladesh, the term ‘police’ connotes a body of civil servants whose primary duties preservation of order, prevention and detention of crimes and enforcement of law. As pointed out by Ernest Fround, police functions generally relate to promoting public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of property and liberty of persons. Police force has been in existence in this country in one form or another from the very ancient time. The Mughal rulers in India also had a well organized police force for maintaining law and order in society. The police system during the Mughal period undoubtedly suited to the needs of a simple homogenous agricultural community, but it could not withstand the strains of political disorder and, therefore, with the decline of Mughal Empire, the system of police administration also collapsed. The British Government in India retained the system of policing prevailing in each province with modification. According to the regulation of 1816, village headmen were made ex officio heads of police also. They apprehend offender and forwarded them to District authorities. The Police Commission of 1860 recommended continuance of the prevailing system of rural policing with minor changes. The Police Act 1861, was enacted to † reorganize the police and to make it more effective instrument for the prevention and  detention of crime† as laid down in the preamble of the Act. The Government of Lord Curzon appointed another Commission called the Police Commission of 1902 to suggest measures for reform in police working. Surprisingly, the Commission instead of suggesting any measures for reform in the existing rural police highly commended the prevailing set-up. Though our country is now independent, it conveys the rules of Police Act 1861. 1.2. Statement of the problem of the study In Bangladesh illegal police surveillance has greatly shaped the police image and use of excessive force, rape and killing custody and other questionable practices raised serious questions about the legitimacy of the police. In our country, a police officer makes a prayer for ‘remand’ stating that the accused is involved in a cognizable offence and for the purpose of interrogation ‘remand’ is necessary. In sub section(2) of section 167 though it is not mentioned that ‘remand’ can be allowed for the purpose of interrogation, at present, the practice is that an accused is taken on ‘remand’ only for the purpose of interrogation or for extorting information from the accused through interrogation. There is no proper guideline as to when such prayer should be accepted and when rejected by the magistrate and this legal lacuna gives both the police officers and magistrates power to abuse the same. Police officers being motivated or dictated by the executive organ or out of their personal conflict or aggrandizement seek unreasonable remand under section 167 of the Code. Thus police get the easy opportunity for torturing people through remand. Article 35(4) of the constitution states that no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. So the provisions of the Cr. P.C. under section 167 are in direct contrast with the provisions of the constitution. This Cr. P.C. was passed by the British government back in 1898 when there is no fundamental rights as we have now in our constitution. The Indian National Police Commission of 1977 which made meaningful effort to reform the police system had the following to say on the control element â€Å"The crux of police reform in our country today is to secure professional independence for the police to function truly and efficiently as an  impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time to enable the government to oversee police performance to ensure its conformity to law. But Bangladesh does not take any effort to reform her police department. The major problem for the police in our country is the lack of public confidence in police activities. It has been argued that public confidence in police is integral to social order, economic development and sound economic processes. Citizens view the quality of police service as an indicator of the quality of the government. Police who are untrustworthy create fear and anxiety. 1.3. Objectives of the study This research is mainly built for academic purpose. Its aim is to see what the perception of people about police corruption is. How they react to it and what reasons they identified for police corruption in Bangladesh. Specifically, the objectives of this research are as below: I. To see the nature of contemporary police corruption in Bangladesh. II. To find out the causes of police corruption. III. To see the patterns of police corruption. 1.4. Importance of the study Recently most police research was carried out by academics in a variety of disciplines, including Sociology, Law, Psychology and Economics. Criminology and Police Science (CPS) is a new and unique concept in Bangladesh. It is very important to conduct an academic research on the nature and causes of police corruption from this department. The study of the nature and causes of police corruption in Bangladesh is important for the following reasons: Firstly: the police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. Find out the nature of police corruption is very much important to know about current police corruption. Secondly: it is very important for taking stapes to remove police corruption of Bangladesh. Thirdly: it is very  important for increasing public awareness about police activities and also for becoming responsible of police about their activities. Fourthly: it will help the government to take the necessary measures for preventing police corruption in Bangladesh. Research questions of the study I. What is the nature of contemporary police corruption? II. What are the causes of police corruption? III. What should we do to reduce Police corruption? Chapter-Two 2.1. Review of the literature of the Study: Pitts, (1999); In a CSCE News Release from Uzbekistan, Pitts stated â€Å"No democratic state can ever justify what reliable reports tell us about continuing torture, extorted confessions, or the planting the false evidence. Even in circumstances where a genuine threat exists to the well being of the state, rule of law and due process norms must be followed in order to insure that human rights are protected.† Sutherland (1697); The term police refer primarily to agents of the state whose function is the maintenance of law and order and the enforcement of regular criminal code. It is clear from the definition that the police force is directly related to the state government. The nature and characteristics of police expresses the nature of the government. Hagan, John (1986); Police has directed at preserving and reproducing security and order by particular means. Kobler (1980) has dramatized how ominous the police use of force can be. This research begins by noting that the police are the representatives of governmental authority who in the ordinary course of events legally are permitted to use force against citizens. It may be  evaluated differently by people with varying social interests, positions and values. Westly found in the course of his research that the police regard the public as their enemy, feeling that the demands of their occupation set them in conflict with the community. Police Regulation of Bengal (PRB); Regulation 33(a) of the Police Regulation of Bengal says, â€Å"No Police force can work successfully unless it wins the respects and good-will of the public and secures its cooperation. All ranks, therefore, while being firm in the execution of their duty, must show forbearance, civility and courtesy towards all classes†. Paranjape, N.V.,(2005); But it is unfortunate that in our society police is looked with fear, suspicion and distrust by the people. This public apathy towards the police demoralizes them to such an extent that policeman lose self-confidence and are hesitant firm step to violations of law because of apprehension of public criticism. Another potential cause which shatters public confidence on police is the increasing interference of politicians in the working of the police. The political pressure and compromises by the police officials are bound to make them corrupt, dishonest and inefficient. The police as a governmental organization has to serve two masters- one political head and the other departmental head. Politicians often consider police as their tool to meet their selfish ends and therefore oblige police personnel by rewarding them in various ways. The superior-subordinate relationship in police organization is guided by the principle, â€Å"lick the above and kick the below†. Such mentality is the characteristic of authoritarian superiors and their dominance over subordinates. Nurul Huda, former IGP, (2005); The reality, unfortunately, on ground is different from the legal process in Bangladesh. Before we venture to find out the causes of those behavioral aberrations that have a substantial bearing on the crime and order situation, we may list the deviations that are existing in our country: Misbehavior with complainants: There is a virtual absence of service orientation and many policemen fail to realize that the complainant at the police station is often an aggrieved person much like a patient who goes to the doctor, and any misbehavior with him would be construed as nothing short of demonic brutality. Other misbehavior: Verbal abuse and ill-treatment while on patrolling duty, harassment of innocent relatives during arrest, roughing up inmates during house search, ill-treatment of traffic violators, unnecessary pushing around during VIP protection and security arrangements cause a great deal of public discontent. Illegal detention: Several persons are rounded up supposedly as suspects and detained for longer period in the lock up. There are instances of innocent persons falling into the clutches of erratic policeman. Custodial violence: Perpetration of third degree torture on suspects in police custody is taken as a matter of routine by many policemen Excessive custodial violence has resulted into deaths. Crime and corruption done by police: There have been cases in which policemen associating themselves in crimes like rape, robbery, and extortion are on the rise. Although corruption is a malaise that has afflicted our society as a whole, corruption in police has an extremely deleterious implication for their overall image for two important reasons: one, being in uniform the corrupt policemen immediately catches public attention and two, since the complainant the police deal with is often a person with a grievance any corrupt demand imposed on him. Ram Ahuja (1996); People who fall in the clutches of the police generally complain of brutal behavior of the police towards them either at the time of arrest during interrogation or while in the police lock-up. Some of the common practices of policemen reportedly are: use of abusive language or degrading epithets, compelling suspect / accused / offenders to obey all orders, asking  embarrassing questions in the street, carrying out bodily searches on false pretexts and appropriating offenders money and belongings (wrist-watch etc.), repeated prodding with thick stick, holding out threats of violence if not obeyed and the actual use of physical force. The use of verbal abuse, insulting behavior, and physical violence on the part of the policemen arouses deep hostility against police. Many accused complain that they were interrogated by the police without sufficient evidence of accusation. Those who refuse to confess are often tortured or threatened to torture. A good number of accused persons in the courts that confessions from them were obtained not by the use of physical brutality but psychological cruelty like holding out a threat to criminally assault the accused person’s sister, or daughter, or wife, to arrest his old father or mother, to level additional charges of crimes against him and so forth. Lawrence Sherman (1974); Police corruption means accepting money or money’s worth for doing something that a policeman is under a duty to do or to exercise legitimate discretion for improper reason. Sherman has talked of three forms of police corruption: a) one form of corruption is that in which only a few isolated policeman accept bribes. b) the second form of corruption is that in which a large number of officers (lower and higher ranks) take bribes but they are not joined together to form networks of corruptions. c) the third form of police corruption is pervasive organized corruption. In this type, corruption is organized in a hierarchical authoritarian fashion. Many citizens are primarily frightened by crime, especially crime involving a sudden violent attack by a stranger. (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). People expect that police will save them from being victim of crime. But in our country many crime victims never call the police for various reasons such as: a) don’t believe that police can help them i.e., many believe that calling the police make no difference since police can neither capture the offender nor recover stolen property; b) cause too much inconvenience i.e. fear of harassment by the police; c) they are corrupt and would not help the victim without paying bribe to them. (Kashem, 2001). Vadackumchery, James (1997); There exists a feeling among the general public that the police does anything and many things with crime-doers for proving the guilt against them. The police can do so because they get the protection of law to do certain things they want to be done. For instance, if a policeman mishandles a crime doer in his custody, he can do so in complete isolation -away from the public visibility. The police have established a tradition. They were involving in informal arrests, illegal detention, torturing of suspects, concocting of evidence in criminal cases even before the Torture Commission was appointed in 1855. This long existed history created a tradition in which the people were conditioned to suffer and suffer eternally what the police did with crime-doers .Until recently and even today, people including the educated in society have been feeling that police can informally arrest people and detain them in their custody.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The press is also more vigilant in this matter than it was earlier. Kashem, (2004); In a series of studies Kashem (2000, 2001, 2002) reports that the general public is dissatisfied with the quality of police work. On the average, between 80 and 85 percent of the citizens of Bangladesh believe that police are not doing good job and rate police work is extremely poor. Another study by Kashem (2002) also found that the level of politeness of police is very low. Sharma (1985); Sharma finds hostility or ruthless criticism of police efficiency and that police cases mostly fail because of the lack of public cooperation. The nature of policing in our country is reactive rather than proactive. So it is the citizens of the community, and not the police, who assume the initiating role in much modern police work. (Hagar, 1985). If people don’t believe as well as cooperate police, then how a good policing will be expected? James A. Inciardi, (2005); Misconduct by police officers in the forms of illegal activities for economics gain and accepting gratuities, favors, or payment for services  that police are sworn to carry out as part of their peacekeeping role. ree or discount meals are available to police officers in many American cities. Police officers have numerous opportunities to direct individuals to persons who can assist them for a profit. Police can also receive fees for referring arrested suspects to bail bond agents and defense attorney, (Kickbacks). Police officers accepting money from citizens in lieu of enforcing the law,(shakedowns). Involvement of police in predatory criminal activities, either directly or through complicity with criminals,(Planned theft and robbery). Police have numerous opportunities to pilfer valuable items. Typically involves jewelry and other goods from the scene of a burglary or from a suspect,(Opportunistic theft). 2.2. The Conceptual Framework of the study Police corruption Causes of police corruption Nature of police corruption Low salary Bribes Power Kickbacks Personal gain Gratuities Poverty Shakedowns Lack of morality Theft of property Falsifying evidence Political pressure Abuse of power The police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. When a crime occurs, the police are usually the first agents of the state to become involved. But the police also abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. They commit various types of corruption, these are: bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, falsifying evidence and shakedowns etc. The police officer do these corruptions for some of the main reason such as low salary, political pressure, personal gain, greediness, lack of morality, poverty of availability of bad money etc. 2.3. Theoretical framework of the study One prominent sociological approach to understanding police behavior is based on the premises that police behavior is influenced by the social dynamics of police-citizen encounters. For example, Donald Black’s sociological theory of law holds that the â€Å"quantity of law† is influenced by the social attributes of concerned parties -victims and suspects, or plaintiff and defendants, as well as the agents of social control themselves. From this theoretical perspective, situational factors (Sherman 1980a) are the cues on which officers form judgments about how incidents should be handled. The key theoretical influences are symbolic internationalism and labeling perspective, which saw policing as an important process in shaping the patter of deviance through the exercise of discretion. (Reiner, Robert 2001). The deviant behavior of police comes to people’s sight when they interact with people. This interaction may occur through newspapers. Organizational explanation (blue curtain theory): Organizational explanation have shown that corrupt behavior arise through the development of an informal structure within the police department, an infrastructure that provides an officer with the opportunity to not only break the rules but also a transgression that is encouraged and supported by a sub-cultural code of beliefs. It is a set of informal norms that can be followed by police officers when they encounter an occupational uncertainty. These informal norms may be characterized as code of silence, unquestioned loyalty to other officers, and cynicism about the criminal justice system. The so-called blue curtain of silence – the refusal of officers to testify against other officers – is one of the major factors protecting and maintaining police corruption. Again, the most important organizational variable is leadership: the quality of management and supervision. Corruption flourishes in departments that tolerate it. Individual officers are more likely to succumb if they believe they won’t be caught or, if caught, punishment will not be severe imposed by the organization. Individual officer explanation (rotten-apple theory): Individual explanations acknowledge that a small number of police officers were responsible for a disproportionate number of acts of police misconduct. This explanation points toward a predisposition on the part of the officer as pivotal, rather than the officer being lured into wrongdoing. Whether a police officer chooses to engage in corrupt behavior has more to do with his or her personal benefit from an act than a submissive affinity for the deviant infrastructure. In other words, the corrupt officers consciously exercise discretion to engage in prohibited conduct. In most cases, officers who are engaged in corruption have a previous record of misconduct. Only officers having a moral degradation pursue to be corrupted. This theory is appealing because it emphasizes the moral failings of one or more individuals, provides convenient scapegoats, and avoids dealing with more difficult issues. It also points in the direction of simple remedy. Psychological approach highlights variations among officers in their behavioral dispositions, variation that is observed by the sociological approach. This perspective directs attention to the outlooks and personality traits that presumably produce different responses to similar situations by different officers. From this theoretical perspective, officers who are the  most likely to use force could be expected to (a) conceive the police role in narrow terms, limited to crime-fighting and law enforcement, (b) believe that this role is more effectively carried out when officers can use force at their discretion, and (c) regard the citizenry as unappreciative at best and hostile and abusive at worse. Chapter-Three 3.1. Research Methodology Methodology is a system of explicit rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which claims for knowledge are evaluated. Methodology contains the overall process of a study. This study shows a property-disposition relationship among the variables. Here property means the individual respondents and disposition is the perception of people towards police corruption. This research is mainly primary research. This research is also a quantitative research. Quantitative research is that research which is studied depending on the quantitative data. 4.2. Field selection Delduar thana of Tangail district was selected as the field of the study. In this area crime rate is high for the last few years so this area had been selected to collect expected data from the respondents. Some of the major union of this thana had been selected as the field of this research so that these area can represent the thana well. 3.3. Population and Sample Selection The entire set of relevant units of analysis, or data, is called the population. In this research the selected populations were very much involved with daily life activities and had idea about police activities. Because all of them was victims of police corruption somehow in their life. The sample was selected purposively from the population. Respondents who were willing to respond the questions noted in the questionnaire and who had  available time to give necessary information. Data were collected from 33 (thirty-three) respondents. Although thirty three (33) respondents is not enough for this study but these respondents expresses the overall situation of the area about this research well. So the sample size was very small (33). 3.4. Data Collection Methods and Techniques Survey method was used in this research for data collection. Face to face question interview was applied for the collection of data. A questionnaire schedule was obtained with some questions. Then the respondents were asked those questions to answer. The answers given by the respondents were noted in the questionnaire form. 3.5. Data Processing and Analysis The collected data were coded carefully for analysis. This processing (included coding) was done with the help of Microsoft excel SPSS program through computer. Several levels of statistical analysis are performed in conducting analysis stage. Frequency tables (i.e. frequency distribution) are made for univariate analysis. Cross table are made for the bivariate analysis. 3.6. Working Definition of the study Police: Police refers to state organizations employing professionals who are trained and equipped as specialists in policing who has the authority to enforce and maintain law. Corruption: The illegal commission or omission of an act which violate law is called corruption. Corruption is infringement of expectations of norms and rules. Police corruption: Herman Goldstein defines police corruption as â€Å"acts involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner designed to produce personal gain for himself or for others†. Police corruption means  the deviation of police from their expected legal duties. Victim: A victim is a person who suffers from something. Here a victim is a person who is victimized by police for corruption. Chapter-Four 4. Research Findings Selected area for the present research is Delduar Thana of Tangail District. The sample size is very small. However, they have experienced many experiences during the interaction with police. Consequently, they also have a perception of their own about the police. Here the information given by respondents of the study are noted below: 4.1. Factual Information of the Respondent s Univariate Analysis Table-4.1: Age of the respondents Age limit(years)| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| 20-25| 9| 27.27| 9| 26-30| 7| 21.21| 16| 31-35| 4| 12.12| 20| 36-40| 4| 12.12| 24| 41-45| 6| 18.18| 30| 46-50| 3| 9.09| 33| Total| 33| 100| | This table-4.1, shows the age of the respondents ranges from 20 to 50 years. Most of the respondents age are less then 36. Maximum, that means 27.27 percent (28.8%) respondents belong in 20-25 (years) age-group. Moreover, the age of the respondents are normally distributed. But the number of having the age more than 46 years is very few. Table-4.2: Years of schooling of the respondents Years of schooling| Frequency| Percent| 05| 6| 18.18| 06| 2| 6.06| 07| 1| 3.03| 08| 2| 6.06| 10| 7| 21.21| 11| 1| 3.03| 12| 3| 9.09| 15| 5| 15.15| 16| 4| 12.12| 17| 2| 6.06| Total| 33| 100| Table-4.2 Shows that, the years of schooling of the respondent ranges from 05 to 17 (Primary to Masters). Here years of schooling 5 means Primary, 10 means S.S.C, 12 means H.S.C, 16 means Bachelor Degree and 17 means Masters. The maximum, in presentence is 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents years of schooling are 10 (S.S.C), 9.090 percent (9.09%) respondents years of school are 12 (H.S.C). Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) respondents years of schooling are 17 (Masters). Table-4.3: Income of the respondents Income limit| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| 2000-4500| 12| 12| 36.36| 4501-6000| 4| 16| 12.12| 6001-8500| 7| 23| 21.21| 8501-12000| 6| 29| 18.18| 12001-14500| 2| 31| 6.06| 14501-18000| 2| 33| 6.06| Total| 33| | 100| From this table we see that income of the respondents ranges from Tk. 2000 to 16000. About 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondent’s income between Tk. 2000 to 4500, And then about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents income between Tk.4501 to 6000, 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents income between Tk. 6001 to 8500, 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondent income between Tk. 8501 to 12000, 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents income Tk. 12001 to 18000. So, maximum respondents’ income limits 2000 to 4500 Tk. Table-4.4: Occupation of the respondents Occupation| Frequency| Percent (%)| Cumulative frequency| Public service| 2| 6.06%| 2| Private service| 5| 15.15%| 7| Business| 13| 39.39%| 20| Labor| 11| 33.33%| 31| Student| 2| 6.06%| 33| Total| 33| 100%| | From the above table-4.4 we see that 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents have public service, 15.15 percent (15.15%) of the respondents are involve in private service, 39.39 percent (39.39%) of the respondent are businessman, 33.33 percent (33.33%) of the respondents are labor and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are student. The highest amount is occupied by the respondents, who are involved with business. Figure-4.1. Knowledge of the respondents about state law The figure-4.1 shows that maximum, that mean 51.51 percent (51.51%) of the respondents have less knowledge about state law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have no knowledge about state law and about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have much knowledge about state law. Table-4.5: Knowledge of the respondents about human right Knowledge level| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Much| 6| 6| 18.18| Less| 13| 19| 39.39| Not at all| 14| 33| 42.42| Total| 33| | 100| Figure-4.2. knowledge of the respondents about human right The above table-4.5 and figure-4.2 show that, 42.42 percent (42.42%) of the respondents have no knowledge about human right. 39.39 percent (39.39%) of the respondents have less knowledge about human right. 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have much knowledge human right. Figure-4.3. Knowledge of the respondent about police law The figure-4.3 shows that maximum that mean 60.60 percent (60.60%) of the respondents have no knowledge about police law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have less knowledge about the police law and only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have high knowledge about police law. Table-4.6: Attitude of the respondent towards police. Attitude| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| Good| 4| 12.12| 4| Bad| 23| 69.69| 27| No idea| 6| 18.18| 33| Total| 33| 100| | Figure-4.4. Attitude of the respondent towards police. The table-4.6 and figure-4.4, show that the attitudes of the maximum, that mean 69.69 percent (69.69%) of the respondents towards police are bad. Only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondent’s attitudes towards police are good and 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have no idea. Table-4.7: Believe of the respondents about â€Å"police are corrupted†. Police are corrupted| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Yes| 31| 31| 93.93| No| 2| 33| 6.06| Total| 33| | 100| Figure-4.5. Believe of the respondents about â€Å"police are corrupted† The table-4.7 and figure-4.5 show that 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. That means maximum respondents believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents not believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. Table-4.8: Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police station. Faced corruption| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| Yes| 31| 93.939| 33| No| 2| 6.060| 33| Total| 33| 100.00| | Figure-4.6. Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police station The above table-4.8 and figure-4.6 show that maximum respondents faced corruption of police at police station; in percentage 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents faced corruption of police at police station. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are not faced corruption of police at police station. Table-4.9: Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station Nature of corruption| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Gratuities| 3| 3| 9.090| Bribes| 22| 25| 66.666| Theft of property| 1| 26| 3.030| Falsifying evidence| 4| 30| 12.121| Kickbacks| 2| 32| 6.060| Shakedowns| 1| 33| 3.030| Total| 33| | 100.00| Figure-4.7. Nature of police corruption outside of the police station The table-4.9 and figure-4.7 show that maximum respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption; in percentage 66.66 percent (66.66%) of the respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption. About 9.09 percent (9.09%) of the respondents faced â€Å"gratuities† as a police corruption. And about 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents faced, theft of property and shakedowns† as police corruption. 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents faced â€Å"Falsifying evidence† as a police corruption and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents faced â€Å"kickbacks† as police corruption. Figure-4.8. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of the police station The figure-4.8 shows that, in maximum time low salary is the main causes of police corruption. In percentage 39.39 percent (39.39%) respondents said that low salary is the main cause of police corruption. 6.060 percent (6.06%) said lack of morality is a cause of police corruption. 9.09 percent (9.09%) of respondents said power of the police is a cause of police corruption. 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents said greediness is a cause of police corruption. 18.18 percent (18.18%) said personal gain is a cause of police corruption. And about 24.2 percent (24.24%) said political pressure is the another main cause of police corruption. Table-4.10: Nature of corruption faced at police station. Nature of police corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Gratuities| 02| 06.06%| Bribes| 18| 54.55%| Theft of property| 03| 09.09%| Falsifying evidence| 04| 12.12%| Kickbacks| 03| 09.09%| Shakedowns| 03| 09.09%| Total| 33| 100%| The table-4.10 shows that maximum respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption; in percentage 54.55% respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption. About 09.09% respondents faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedown as police corruption at police station separately 12.12% respondents faced â€Å"falsifying evidence† as a police corruption. And about 06.06% respondents faced â€Å"gratuities, as police corruption at police station and it is minimum percentage of police corruption faced by respondents at police station. Table-4.11: Causes of producing corruption by police at police station. Causes of police corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Low salary| 21| 63.64%| Lack of morality| 02| 06.06%| power| 03| 09.09%| greediness| 01| 03.03%| Personal gain| 04| 12.12%| Political party pressure| 02| 06.06%| Total| 33| 100.00%| The table-4.11 shows that, in maximum times police are corrupted for their lower salary. About 63.64 percent (63.64%) police corruptions are occurred at police station for low salary of the police personnel in our country. On the other hand minimum police corruption is occurred at the police station for the greediness of the police in percentage is 03.03%. For lack of morality and political party pressure is 06.06%. for personal gain is 12.12% and for police’s power is 09.09% police corruptions are occurred at police station. Table-4.12: Facing police corruption after arrest Faced corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Yes| 23| 92.00%| No| 02| 08.00%| Total| 25| 100.00%| This table-4.12 shows that maximum respondents faced corruption of police after being arrested by police; in percentage 92% respondents faced corruption of police after arrest. Only 8% respondents are not faced corruption of police after arrest. Table-4.13: Nature of corruption faced after arrest by the respondents Nature| Frequency| Percent (%)| Gratuities| 01| 04.35%| Bribes| 13| 56.52%| Theft of property| 02| 08.70%| Falsifying evidence| 03| 13.04%| Kickbacks| 02| 08.70%| Shakedowns| 02| 08.70%| Total| 23| 100.00%| This table-4.13 shows that maximum respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after arrest; in percentage 56.52% respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after being arrested. About 13.04% respondents faced falsifying evidence, 04.35% respondents faced gratuities and 08.70% faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedowns, as a police corruption arrest. So minimum respondents faced gratuities as police corruption and in percentage is 04.35%. Table-4.14: Causes of police corruption after arrest Causes| Frequency| Percent (%)| Low salary| 14| 60.86%| Lack of morality| 01| 04.35%| Power | 02| 08.70%| Greediness | 01| 04.35%| Personal gain| 03| 13.04%| Political party pressure| 02| 08.70%| Total| 23| 100.00%| The table-4.14 shows that, maximum police corruptions at police station are produced by the police personnel for their lower salary and in percentage 60.86%. On the other hand the lowest police corruption is produced for lack of morality and greediness of the police. 13.04 percent (13.04%) police corruption is occurred for personal gain and power, political party pressure is responsible for 08.70% police corruption after arrest. Bivariate Analysis Cross Table Cross table-1: Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station Outside of the police station| Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Nature  of corruption faced outside of the police station| Gratuities| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 01, 3.03%| 03, 9.09%| | Bribes| 08, 24.24%| 01, 3.03%| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 05,15.15%| 06, 18.18%| 22, 66.66%| | Theft of property| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| | Falsifying evidence| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 04, 12.12%| | Kickbacks| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 02, 6.06%| | Shakedowns| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 0, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| Total | 13, 39.39%| 02, 6.06%| 03, 9.09%| 01, 3.03%| 06,18.18%| 08, 24.24%| 33, 100%| This cross table-1 shows that maximum respondents were faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption outside of the police station, in these cases the low salary was main reason for the police corruption. In percentage it is 24.24% Cross table-2: Nature of corruption faced at the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police at police station Outside of the police station| Causes of producing corruption by police at police station| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Nature of corruption faced at the police station| Bribes| 14, 42.42%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 18, 54.55%| | Gratuities| 01, 03.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 03.03%| 00,0%| 00, 0%| 2, 06.06%| | Theft of property| 02, 06.06%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 03, 09.09%| | Falsifying evidence| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 04, 12.12%| | Kickbacks| 01, 3.03%| 01, 03.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 03.03%| 03, 09.09%| | Shakedowns| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 03, 09.09%| Total | 21, 39.39%| 02, 6.06%| 03, 09.09%| 01, 03.03%| 04,18.18%| 02, 24.24%| 33, 100%| This cross table-2 shows that maximum respondents were corrupted by the police at the police station for taking bribes from them and the low salary is the main reason for being corrupted of the respondents by the police at  police station and in percentage it is 42.42%. So at police station the main nature of police corruption is bribe and it is more than outside of the station. Cross table-3: Facing corruption of police after arrest vs. causes of producing corruption by police after arrest. After arrest| Causes of police corruption after arrest| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Facing corruption of police after arrest| Yes| 14, 60.86%| 01, 04.35%| 02, 08.70%| 01, 04.35%| 03, 13.04%| 02, 08.70%| 23, 100%| | No| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| Total| 14, 60.86%| 01, 04.35%| 02, 08.70%| 01, 04.35%| 03, 13.04%| 02, 08.70%| 23, 100%| This cross table shows that maximum respondents were faced police corruption after arrest for the low salary of the police. About 60.86 percent (60.86%) respondents were being corrupted by the police after arrest for sol salary. Chapter-Five 5. Case studies 5.1. Case study: 01 Khokon was a student of Pathrail M.L. High School, Delduar, Tangail. He did court marriage a Hindu girls. He was a child of a middle class family and the girl was a child of a high class Hindu family. The girl was willing for the court marriage but the girls family wasn’t agreed of the marriage. They make a false case of women kidnapping in Delduar Thana and Khokon were responsible for kidnapping their girl. He was made the main criminal for the kidnappimg. One day the police caught Khokon from his house with the girl. They return the girl to her parents after taking a large sum of bribe from the girls family and brought Khokon to Thana. They tortured him very much and after some days the case was dismissed without prosecution in the court. They also demanded and took bribes from Khokon’s family. I took this cases because, I think this cases is a better example of police corruption. The causes of police corruption according to this case is low or small salary, greediness, power of police etc. 5.2. Case study: 02 Mohammad Roton, nick nake Roton 32 years old, is a businessman. He was also a political person. One day he was going to main town for his occupational necessity with the help of his motor-bike. On way, he was stopped by police and asked for his driving license as well as the license of his motor-bike. But at that moment the license of his bike was not with him, though he has no driving license at all. For this he was quite unable to show his licenses. The police demanded money as bribe to Mohammad Roton, instead of booking a case against him. The police officer showed fear to him that if he didn’t pay the money demanded, he would be harassed. For this he was bound to give money instead of going through a legal process. He also has enough bad money From this case, we see that denying law and having bad money increase the opportunity of police corruption. Chapter-Six 6. Summary and Concluding Remarks 6.1 Summary: The police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. But the police abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. This research finds out the nature of police corruption and the causes of police corruption. General people’s perception towards police is not good. Most of the people believe that police are corrupted. Police exhibit some common types of corruption, these are: bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, falsifying evidence, shakedowns and physical torture. The police officer do corruption because of low salary, political pressure, for personal gain, lack of morality, greediness, availability of bad money and their types of job or power of police. 6.2. Concluding Remarks: Though purposive sampling has been used in this research from some of the homogenous cases. So, I think this research find out the nature and causes of Bangladesh police. Most of the general people of our country think that  the police of Bangladesh are corrupted. Bangladesh police is the high corrupted department of Bangladesh government. Bangladesh police are providing low salary and they are not morally strong. Bangladesh police has also political arty pressures, poverty of police personnel mainly who are lower in rank. These inspire them to do corruption. The job nature and power is also a reason for police corruption we see in the study. Police officer mostly takes bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, do physical torture for bribes. This research shows that most police personnel corrupted for taking bribes, physical tortures, falsifying evidences, theft for the suspect, proving information etc. people keep bad idea on police, they think that police are not good person. So to prevent police corruption these reasons have to be removed. The salary of the police personnel have to be increased enough, they have to provide moral education so they do their duties honestly. Public perception on police have to exchanged from bad to good by the police person doing well behave with them. 1.5. Limitations of the study This research has many problems and limitations, such as: I. The hypothesis and some other test such as chai-test, correlation are not shown here. II. In this research purposive sampling has been used so the other population’s opinion was avoided and the sample size was small. III. Sufficient data can’t be found because of want of some other technical method. IV. More questions should be used to collect more effective data about this research topic but the questions were less than needed. 6.3. Bibliography Ahuja, Ram, (1996): Sociological Criminology. New Age International (P) Limited, India. Bohm, Robert M. and Haley, Keith N. (2002): Introduction to Criminal Justice, third edition. Glencoe McGraw-Hill. Frankfort-Nachmias, Chava and Nachmias, David (1997): Research Methods in the Social Sciences, Fifth edition, St. Martin’s Press, lnc., New York. Haque, ANM Nurul. The Ferocity of the Police, In The Daily Star.3rd July, 2006 Hughes, Michael and Kroehler, Carolyn J.(2000): Sociology,6th edition, McGraw-Hill companies, Inc., New York. Huda, Mohammad Nurul. Controlling Crime and All That. In The Daily Star- 29th July,2006. Kashem, Mohammad B.(2002): Preventing Crime: Police and Crime Control in Bangladesh. Khasrul Alam Quddusi, Kazi SM, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Chittagong. Use of Hartal and Police, In The Daily Star,9th JuIy,2006. Malek, Adam. Police Remand. In The Daily Jugantar, 4th January, 2006. Paranjape, N.V., (2005): Criminology and Penology. Central Law Publication, Allahabad-2, India. Pearson, Judy; Nelson, Paul; Tetsworth, Scott; and Harter, Lynn, (2004): Human Communication. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York. Police Activities: A Study on Three Police Stations, (2004): Transparency International Bangladesh. Putwain, David and Sammons, Aidan (2002): Psychology and Crime. Taylor and Francis Group. Quinney, Richard(1979):Criminology. Little, Brown and Company (Canada) Limited. Reiner, Robert (2001): Introduction: what Is Police Research? In Doing Research in Crime and Criminal Justice. Sanders, William B., (1983): In Criminology, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Schaefer, Richard T., (2004): Sociology: A Brief Introduction, Fifth edition, McGraw Hill Companies, New York. Stotland, Ezra and Berberich, John. (1979): The Psychology of the Police. In Psychology of Crime and Criminal Justice. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In United Nations Civilian Hand book. (1995): United Nations Department of Peace-keeping operation. Vadackumchery, James (1997): Indian Police and Miscarriage of Justice. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. New Delhi. Wilson, James Q. & Kelling, George L. (1982): Broken Windows. In Atlantic Monthly. In Urban Society, 11th edition. McGraw-Hill company. Worden, Robert E. (2001): The causes of Police Brutality: Theory and Evidence on Police Use of Force. Mawalana Bhashani Science and Technology University Department of Criminology and Police Science. Survey Questionnaire (All the below information only will be used for research purpose. A respondent can answer the following question without any fear or hesitation) 1. Age: (Specific) 2. Gender: (1) Male (2) Female 3. Marital status: (1) Married, (2) Unmarried, (3) Widow. 4. Years of Schooling: (Specific) 5. What is your occupation? (1) Public service, (2) Private Service, (3) Business, (4) Labor. 6. What is your income? (Specific) 7. How much knowledge you have about the State Law? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 8. How much knowledge you have about the Police Law? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 9. How much knowledge you have about the Human Right? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 10. What is your attitude towards police? (1) Good, (2) Bad, (3) No idea. 11. Are you believed Police are corrupted? (1) Yes, (2) No. 12. If yes, why? Ans. 13. Have you ever been to police station in order to any service? (1) Yes, (2) No. 14. If yes, why? Ans. 15. If yes, did you face any problem at police station? (1) Yes, (2) No. 16. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17. Have you meet with police for any cause? (1) Yes, (2) No. 18. If yes why? Ans. 19. If yes, did you face any problem? (1) Yes, (2) No. 20. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21. Why did police produce that problem according to your view? 22. Had you ever been arrested by police? (1) Yes, (2) No. 23. If yes, why? Ans. 24. If yes, did you face any problem after arrest? (1) Yes, (2) No. 25. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

MY BONDAGE AND MY FREEDOM essays

MY BONDAGE AND MY FREEDOM essays The book My Bondage And My Freedom, one of Frederick Douglasss many biographies, attempts to put into perspective his views and experiences on slavery. Born in the year 1817, Frederick Douglass lived not with his mother and father like the white children of that era would, but with his grandparents. Living with them it was a long time before he knew himself to be a slave. As he began to mature in age and understanding he began to realize that the house and land he had grown to love, belonged not to his loving grandparents but to one his grandmother always referred to as Old Master. Understanding this also brought the knowledge that his grandmother, himself and all the other children around belonged not to themselves as freemen but to Old Master. Even through all this, still did he not realize what it meant to be a slave until around the age of seven or eight when he was carried to Old Masters plantation where he was to begin the labors expected of him. At the change of scene he was introduced to brothers and sisters he hadnt before met or seen. He was expected to treat them as long lost relatives he had once again discovered but to do this he would have had to know about their existence and spent time with them before now. His brothers and sisters did their best to help him get adjusted to the way of life he was now expected to live in but he was still a child and real labors werent to be thrown on his shoulders for a while longer. Although he was the property of Old Master throughout his life he would call many people master. At around the age of ten he was sent to Baltimore to live with a relative of Old Master, Master Hugh Auld. For the first time, he was living in a big city and got to see the differences between city slaves and country slaves. City Slaves had life a bit easier because not everyone in the city owned slaves...

Susan B. Anthony, Womens Suffrage Activist

Susan B. Anthony, Women's Suffrage Activist Susan B. Anthony (February 15, 1820–March 13, 1906) was an activist, reformer, teacher, lecturer, and key spokesperson for the woman suffrage and womens rights movements of the 19th century. Together with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, her lifelong partner in political organizing, Anthony played a pivotal role in the activism that led to American women gaining the right to vote. Fast Facts: Susan B. Anthony Known For:  Key spokesperson for the 19th-century womens suffrage movement, probably the best-known of the suffragistsAlso Known As:  Susan Brownell AnthonyBorn:  February 15, 1820 in Adams, MassachusettsParents: Daniel Anthony and Lucy ReadDied:  March 13, 1906 in Rochester, New YorkEducation: A district school, a local school set up by her father, a Quaker boarding school in PhiladelphiaPublished Works:  History of Woman Suffrage, The Trial of Susan B. AnthonyAwards and Honors: The Susan B. Anthony dollarNotable Quote: It was we, the people; not we, the white male citizens; nor yet we, the male citizens; but we, the whole people, who formed the Union. Early Life Susan B. Anthony was born in Massachusetts on February 15, 1820. Her family moved to Battenville,  New York when Susan was 6 years old. She was raised as a Quaker. Her father Daniel was a farmer and then a cotton mill owner, while her mothers family had served in the American Revolution and worked in the Massachusetts government. Her family was politically engaged and her parents and several siblings were active in both the abolitionist and temperance movements. In her home, she met such towering figures of the abolitionist movement as Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison, who were friends with her father. Education Susan attended a district school, then a local school set up by her father, and then a Quaker boarding school near Philadelphia.  She had to leave school to work to assist her family after they suffered a steep financial loss. Anthony taught for a few years at a Quaker seminary. At the age of 26, she became a headmistress at the womens division of the Canajoharie Academy. She then worked briefly for the family farm before devoting herself full-time to activism, making her living off of speakers fees. Early Activism When she was 16 and 17 years old, Susan B. Anthony began circulating anti-slavery petitions.  She worked for a while as the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Like many other women abolitionists, she began to see that in the â€Å"aristocracy of sex†¦woman finds a political master in her father, husband, brother, son.† In 1848, the first Women’s Rights Convention in the U.S. was held at  Seneca Falls, New York, launching the womens suffrage movement. Susan B. Anthony was teaching and did not attend. A few years later in 1851, Susan B. Anthony met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, one of the Conventions organizers, when they both were attending an anti-slavery meeting also at Seneca Falls. Anthony was involved in the temperance movement at the time. Because Anthony was not permitted to speak at a general temperance meeting, she and Stanton formed the Womens New York State Temperance Society in 1852. Working With Elizabeth Cady Stanton Stanton and Anthony formed a 50-year lifelong working partnership. Stanton, married and a mother to a number of children, served as the writer and theorist of the two. Anthony, never married, was more often the organizer and the one who traveled, spoke widely, and bore the brunt of antagonistic public opinion. Anthony was good at strategy. Her discipline, energy, and ability to organize made her a strong and successful leader.  During some periods of her activism, Anthony gave as many as 75 to 100 speeches a year. Post War After the Civil War, Anthony was greatly discouraged that those working for suffrage for black Americans were willing to continue to exclude women from voting rights. She and Stanton thus became more focused on woman suffrage. She helped to found the American Equal Rights Association in 1866. In 1868, with Stanton as editor, Anthony became the publisher of The Revolution. Stanton and Anthony founded the National Woman Suffrage Association, larger than its rival American Woman Suffrage Association, associated with Lucy Stone. The two groups would eventually merge in 1890. Over her long career, Anthony appeared before every Congress between 1869 and 1906 on behalf of women’s suffrage. Working for Womens Rights Other Than Suffrage Susan B. Anthony advocated for womens rights on other fronts besides suffrage. These new rights included the right of a woman to divorce an abusive husband, the right to have guardianship of her children, and the right for women to be paid equal to men. Her advocacy contributed to the 1860 passage of the Married Womens Property Act, which gave married women the right to own separate property, enter into contracts, and be joint guardians of their children. Much of this bill was unfortunately rolled back after the Civil War. Test Vote In 1872, in an attempt to claim that the constitution already permitted women to vote, Susan B. Anthony cast a test vote in Rochester, New York, in the presidential election. With a group of 14 other women in Rochester, New York, she registered to vote at a local barbershop, part of the New Departure strategy of the woman suffrage movement. On November 28, the 15 women and the registrars were arrested. Anthony contended that women already had the constitutional right to vote. The court disagreed in  United States v. Susan B. Anthony. She was found guilty, though she refused to pay the resulting fine (and no attempt was made to force her to do so). Abortion Stance In her writings, Susan B. Anthony occasionally mentioned abortion. She opposed abortion, which at the time was an unsafe medical procedure for women, endangering their health and life. She blamed men, laws, and the double standard for driving women to abortion because they had no other options. When a woman destroys the life of her unborn child, it is a sign that, by education or circumstances, she has been greatly wronged, she wrote in 1869. Anthony believed, as did many of the feminists of her era, that only the achievement of womens equality and freedom would end the need for abortion. Anthony used her anti-abortion writings as yet another argument for womens rights. Controversial Views Some of Susan B. Anthonys writings could be considered racist by todays standards, particularly her writings from the period when she was angry that the 15th Amendment had written the word male into the constitution for the first time in permitting suffrage for freedmen. She sometimes argued that educated white women would be better voters than ignorant black men or immigrant men. In the late 1860s, she even portrayed the vote of freedmen as threatening the safety of white women. George Francis Train, whose capital helped launch Anthony and Stantons The Revolution newspaper, was a noted racist. Later Years In her later years, Susan B. Anthony worked closely with Carrie Chapman Catt. Anthony retired from active leadership of the suffrage movement in 1900 and turned over the presidency of the NAWSA to Catt. She worked with Stanton and Mathilda Gage on what would eventually be the six-volume History of Woman Suffrage. By the time she was 80 years old, even though woman suffrage was far from won, Anthony was acknowledged as an important public figure. Out of respect, President William McKinley  invited her to celebrate her birthday at the White House. She also met with President Theodore Roosevelt to argue that a suffrage amendment be submitted to Congress. Death A few months before her death in 1906, Susan B. Anthony delivered her Failure Is Impossible speech at her 86th birthday celebration in Washington, D.C. She died of heart failure and pneumonia at home in Rochester, New York. Legacy Susan B. Anthony died 14 years before all U.S. women won the right to vote with the 1920 passage of the 19th  Amendment. Although she did not live to see womens suffrage achieved across the entire United States, Susan B. Anthony was a key worker in laying the groundwork for this change. And she did live to witness the sea change in attitudes that was requisite for universal suffrage. In 1979, Susan B. Anthonys image was chosen for the new dollar coin, making her the first woman to be depicted on U.S. currency. The size of the dollar was, however, close to that of the quarter, and the Anthony dollar never became very popular. In 1999 the U.S. government announced the replacement of the Susan B. Anthony dollar with one featuring the image of Sacagawea. Sources Anthony, Susan B.  The Trial of Susan B. Anthony.  Humanity Books, 2003.Hayward, Nancy. â€Å"Susan B. Anthony.† National Women’s History Museum, 2017.Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Ann De Gordon, and Susan B. Anthony.  Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: In the School of Anti-Slavery, 1840-1866. Rutgers University Press, 1997.Ward, Geoffery C. and Ken Burns.  Not For Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Knopf, 2001.

Military attack strategies in Singapore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Military attack strategies in Singapore - Essay Example Singapore’s military force (Singapore Armed Forces) was actually formed with the help of Israel. The state then adopted â€Å"the Israeli model of a national conscript defense† (Singh 16). Conscription was done by requiring the male citizens who were able-bodied and at least eighteen years of age to serve a term in the armed forces of the country (â€Å"Conscription†). During this period, they were taught the basics of military training, the laws of war and the commitment to defend the country in case of invasion. For the following years, Singapore has successfully built â€Å"an impressive defense capability† (Singh 16). However, this defense concept was changed, the â€Å"poisonous shrimp† strategy was transformed into â€Å"porcupine strategy† (Singh 16). Accordingly, the former Chief of Operations, Singapore Armed Forces, Lee Hsien Loong justified such change by contending that â€Å"the Republic needed to adopt a defense posture that wa s capable of inflicting intolerable costs on potential enemies as well as to outlast attacks in actual combat† (qtd. in Singh 16). He said: â€Å"So we need a policy which says, if you come, I’ll whack you, and I’ll survive / This is a workable strategy / I may not completely destroy you, but you will have to pay a high price for trying to subdue me and you may still not succeed† (Loong, qtd. in Singh 16). Obviously, this statement is practically a warning to any group or country which has a plan to invade Singapore. It is violent indeed but is strong enough to erase plans of attack by invaders.

Tourism is whorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tourism is whorism - Essay Example Prostitution is one of the oldest professions; it is an offspring of poverty coupled with inhumanity. Some of the countries that receive tourists on regular basis have legitimized this inhumane profession. The statement â€Å"Tourism is whorism!† may not be applicable in general but there is definitely some link. Countries that are under privilege, and generate a great chunk of revenue from tourism are forced to ease out their policies against prostitution. People are poor, their mode of earning is scarce, therefore they are bound to look out for other sources and in this search of generating extra cash they indulge in heinous acts like prostitution. The natives of the tourists’ resorts are sometimes forced by the influential members of their societies to carry out illegal trade of flesh just to promote the region as tourist resort for sex maniacs. Thus, tourism is not entirely whorism, but there are certain issues that turn it to look like