Saturday, August 31, 2019
Modern dance Essay
Question 1 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The French court ballet reached its height during the reign of Louis XIV, whose very birth had been celebrated by the _______________ of 1639. A. Ballet de la Felicite B. Ballet de la coutisane appele C. Ballet de Madame D. Ballet de la Deliverance de Renaud ANS:A The dancers in the earliest ballets were highly skilled professionals capable of feats of strength and agility. True False ANS:F In an effort to convey some meaning to the viewer, 18th century choreographers were inspired to evolve the ________________, which attempted to unfold a story purely in terms of movement. A. commedia dell’arte B. ballet d’action C. break dancing D. pantomime ANS:B The rise of the court ballet in France paralleled the birth of opera in Italy, and coincided with the opening of the first public theatres in France as well as the rise of the great French playwrights Corneille and Racine. True False ANS:T Both France and Italy contributed to the development of the court ballet. True False Answer Key: True Question 2 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) As the 17th century progressed, ballet in France was gradually transformed from the diversion of noble amateurs into a professional art. True False Answer Key: True Question 3 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Dancing in general in the 16th and 17th century court was considered a means of socializing the individual and drawing him into harmony with the group, and formed an important part of the education of a gentleman. True False Answer Key: True Question 4 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) In Vienna (1740’s), who began to create dramatic ballets inspired by the stories of mythological lovers? A. Jean Georges Noverre B. Franz Anton Hilverding C. Maximilien Gardel D. Jean Dauberval. Answer Key: B Question 5 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Most of the early court ballet themes were derived from literary sources, and the ballets themselves included spoken or sung verses which were called _______. A. recits B. intermedii C. trionfi D. libretto Answer Key: A Question 6 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) _____________who made her debut at the Paris Opera in 1726, was a brilliant technician, excelling in beaten steps such as entrechats and cabrioles. Audiences were charmed with her sprightliness and vivacity. A. Marie Camargo B. Marie Salle. C. Marie Taglioni D. Marie Osmond Answer Key: A Question 7 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The court ballet, who’s chief purpose was to glorify the State, was a carefully calculated mixture of _____________. A. art and politics B. politics and entertainment C. both a and b Answer Key: C Question 8 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The French court ballet reached its height during the reign of Louis XIV, whose very birth had been celebrated by the _______________ of 1639. A. Ballet de la Felicite B. Ballet de la coutisane appele C. Ballet de Madame D. Ballet de la Deliverance de Renaud Answer Key: A Question 9 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who was the 18th century ballerina who was admired for her dazzling virtuosity, especially in the beaten jumps called entrechats? A. Marie Camargo B. Marie Salle C. Marie Taglioni D. Marie Osmond Answer Key: A Question 10 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who succeeded Jean Georges Noverre as director at the Paris Opera? A. Franz Anton Hilverding B. Maximilien Gardel C. Jean Dauberval D. both b and c Answer Key: D Question 11 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). The playwright Moliere’s comedies-ballets may be viewed as a transitional form between the court ballet and the professional theatrical art that was developing in 1661. True False Answer Key: True Question 12 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) During the era of the Ballet d’Action, the range of topics that had been successfully treated included __________________. A. mythological tales B. classical tragedies C. historical dramas D. love stories and pastorals E. all of the above Answer Key: E Question 13 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). The Academie de Musique was later to be known familiarly as the Paris Opera. True False Answer Key: True Question 14 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The 18th century was an age of brilliant dancers, and both dancers and choreographer felt that dance should convey some meaning to the viewer, which inspired the evolution ballet d’action, which unfolded a story purely in terms of movement. True False Answer Key: True Question 15 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) In 1738, Jean-Baptiste Lande established a school which would eventually become the school of the Kirov Ballet at the Maryinsky Theatre. True False Answer Key: True Question 16 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who is credited with identifying the five positions of the feet upon which all ballet steps are based, systematizing the method of teaching dance, and devising a system of dance notation? A. Pierre Rameau B. Phlippe Quinault C. Pierre Beauchamp D. Pierre Perrin Answer Key: C Question 17 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The different components of early French court ballets included _________. A. dance and music B. poetry and music C. dance and design D. poetry and dance E. all of the above Answer Key: E. Question 18 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) During the era of Moliere’s comedies-ballets, professional dancers began to evolve technical feats that demanded a high degree of training and skill, such as _________________. A. pirouettes B. cabrioles C. entrechats D. all of the above Answer Key: D Question 19 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which ballet was first performed on the proscenium stage of the theatre of the Palais-Royal in 1641? A. Ballet de la Felicite B. Ballet des Voleurs C. Ballet des Fees de la Foret de Saint-German D. Ballet de la Prosperite des armes de la France Answer Key: D. Question 20 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who was the choreographer of Ballet Comique de la Reine Louise, presented in 1581? A. Jean-Antoine de Baif B. Catherine de’ Medici C. Louis XIV D. Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx Answer Key: D Question 21 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who rose to prominence in the French court thanks to his talents as a dancer, violinist and composer, and dominated the Paris Opera from 1672 until his death in 1687? A. Pierre Perrin B. Peirre Beauchamp C. Jean-Baptiste Lully D. Claude Balon Answer Key: C Question 22 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Who was to become the 18th century’s most aggressive proponent of the ballet d’action? A. Jean Georges Noverre B. Franz Anton Hilverding C. Maximilien Gardel D. Jean Dauberval Answer Key: A Question 23 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The Development of the Ballet d’Action showed that ballet was an art of considerable flexibility. True False Answer Key: True Question 24 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) ‘The Art of Dancing’ was the first completed notation system to record dance steps with abstract symbols. True False Answer Key: True Question 25 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). When the 18th century ended, ballet had established itself as a legitimate vehicle for dramatic expression, and not merely a decorative adjunct to an opera or play. True False Answer Key: True Part 1 of 1  Multiple Choice/True False     Score: 50   (of possible 50 points) Please choose the best possible answer for the following questions. Question 1 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which ballet was a showcase for four jewels of the Romantic ballet? A. Giselle B. La Sylphide C. Pas de Quatre D. La Esmeralda Answer Key: C Question 2 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Although Russia played the role of follower rather than a leader in the world of dance until the late 19th-century, the situation was reversed between 1890 and 1910 by the works of French born choreographer ________ and Russian choreographer ________. A. Jules Perrot, Adam Gluszowski B. Jean Coralli, Alexander Benois C. Marius Petipa, Mikhail Fokine D. Philippo Taglioni, Vaslav Nijinsky Answer Key: C Question 3 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Ballet’s of the Romantic era dealt with mystical, or supernatural themes and included characters such as ____________. A. sylphides B. water nymphs C. fire spirits D. peris E. demons F. all of the above Answer Key: F Question 4 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky was the composer for The Rite of Spring. True False Answer Key: False Question 5 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who was the lead dancer in the 1911 performance of L’Apres-midi d’un faune? A. Rudolph Nureyev B. George Balanchine C. Merce Cunningham D. Vaslav Nijinsky Answer Key: D Question 6 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which ballet was considered a deliberate affront to art, and resulted in a violent reaction by audience members at its debut, including hisses, catcalls and fighting? A. Scheherazade B. Petrouchka C. Le Spectre de la Rose D. The Rite of Spring Answer Key: D Question 7 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Viennese ballerina Fanny Elssler (rival to Taglioni) was known for her precision and rapid execution of small quick steps. True False Answer Key: True Question 8 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who was the founder of Ballet Russes? A. Serge Diaghilev B. Alexandre Benois C. Leon Bakst D. Konstantin Stanislavsky Answer Key: A Question 9 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who was the leading costume and set designer for the Ballets Russes? A. Serge Diaghilev B. Alexandre Benois C. Leon Bakst D. Konstantin Stanislavsky Answer Key: C Question 10 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who was the choreographer in the 1911 performance of L’Apres-midi d’un faune A. Rudolph Nureyev B. George Balanchine C. Merce Cunningham D. Vaslav Nijinsky Answer Key: D Question 11 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which dancer of the Ballet Russes was known for his legendary elevation and ability to ‘hover’ in the air, as well as his controversial performances? A. Michel Fokine B. Vaslav Nijinsky C. Adolph Bolm. Answer Key: B Question 12 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The stage and costume design that Leon Baskst created for ________ in 1910 sparked new fashions in the worlds of dress design and interior decoration. A. Scheherazade B. Le Spectre de la Rose C. Petrouchka D. L’Apres-midi d’un faune Answer Key: A Question 13 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The classical ballet’s sense of clarity, harmony, symmetry and order is demonstrated by the crystallization of the pas de deux. True False Answer Key: True Question 14 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). The adoption of the soft, close-fitting slipper in the late 18th century paved the way for the ballerina’s rise to the tips of her toes, eventually known as pointe technique. True False Answer Key: True Question 15 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which composer was commissioned by the Imperial Theatres to write the music for Sleeping Beauty, replacing previous poorly esteemed specialists? A. Igor Stravinsky B. Ivan Vsevolojsky C. Frederic Chopin D. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Answer Key: D Question 16 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky was the composer for the ballets Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker, and Swan Lake. True False Answer Key: True Question 17 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) What was perhaps the most important single influence on 19th-century ballet? A. Classicism B. Neo-Classicism C. Modernism D. Romanticism Answer Key: D Question 18 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which ballet, first produced at the Paris Opera on 12 March 1832, was such a perfect expression of Romantic urgings that it immediately changed the face of the ballet of its time. A. Swan Lake B. Petrouchka. C. Giselle D. La Sylphide Answer Key: D Question 19 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which choreographer was one of the creators of Giselle, a gifted dancer himself, did most of his dramatic ballets in London, and whose work was part of the international expansion of the Romantic ballet? Answer Key: B Question 20 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The costume which had been shortened since Taglioni’s day, and had become the ballerina’s uniform and mark of status, was called the tutu. True False Answer Key: True Question 21 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Marie Taglioni was known for her effortlessness, lightness and fluidity of movement. True False Answer Key: True Question 22 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which Romantic ballet masterpiece, first produced at the Paris Opera, is credited with immediately changing the face of the ballet of its time? A. Giselle B. Pas de Quatre C. La Esmeralda D. La Sylphide Answer Key: D Question 23 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which female dancer first had the title role in La Sylphide? A. Marie Taglioni B. Fanny Elssler C. Carlotta Grisi D. Lucile Grahn E. Fanny Cerrito Answer Key: A. Question 24 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) In La Sylphide, ____________’s effortlessness, lightness and fluidity of movement, which, coupled with her chaste and modest bearing, made her appear to be indeed an airy being innocent of human lusts and desires. A. Marie Camargo B. Marie Salle C. Marie Taglioni D. Marie Osmond Answer Key: C Question 25 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The ballet of the Romantic period was immortalized by the paintings and drawings of which famous artist? A. Claude Monet B. Michelangelo C. Leonardo da Vinci D. Edgar Degas Answer Key: D. Part 1 of 1  Multiple Choice/True False     Score: 50   (of possible 50 points) Question 1 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The style known as _______ built upon and extended the formalism of Petipa’s era, giving it new interest without violating the rules of clarity and order. A. classical ballet B. neoclassical ballet C. modern dance D. pre-modern dance Answer Key: B Question 2 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The Denishawn school offered its students a richly varied curriculum, including ballet (performed without shoes), free-flowing exercises for the arms and torso, ethnic and folk dances. True False Answer Key: True Question 3 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The last great ballet of Diaghilev’s era was _______ . A. Les Biches B. Le Train Bleu C. The Prodigal Son D. The Sleeping Princess Answer Key: C Question 4 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Ted Shawn and his Men Dancers, was dedicated to proving that dancing was a highly masculine activity. True False Answer Key: True Question 5 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which oganization created the Federl Dance Project which produced Helen Tamiris’s How Long Brethren? in 1935 as part of its effort to alleviate the widespread unemployment of the depression, and marked the first time public funds had been used in the U. S. to create dance works? A. Works Progress Administration B. New Dance Group C. Worker’s Dance League Answer Key: A Question 6 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who was the choreographer of Apollo and The Prodical Son, the only two ballets he made for Diaghilev that have survived to the present day? A. George Balanchine B. Leonide Massine C. Serge Lifar D. Kasian Goleizovsky Answer Key: A Question 7 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Which Cubist artist disigned sets and costumes for for the ballets Parade, Le Tricorne, Pulcinella, and Cuadro Flamenco in the early 1900’s? A. Fernand Legar B. Francis Picabia C. Pablo Picasso D. Leon Bakst Answer Key: C Question 8 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which of these post-Denishawn pioneers had a lighter touch which provided a welcome relief in the serious, somtimes somber world of Modern dance? A. Martha Graham B. Doris Humphrey C. Charles Weidman D. Erick Hawkins Answer Key: C Question 9 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Which two dancers held doctoral degrees in anthropology, did field work in Africa and the Carribean, and were the leaders of the Black dance movement in the 30’s and 40’s? A. Lester Horton and Jose Limon B. Katherine Dunham and Pearl Primus C. Helen Tamiris and Edith Segal D. La Meri and Ruth St. Denis Answer Key: B Question 10 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) After Fokine and Nijinsky left The Ballet Russes, Diaghilev groomed which dancer as the next choreographer? A. George Balanchine B. Serge Lifar C. Anna Pavlova D. Leonide Massine Answer Key: D Question 11 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Which American dancer was the symbol of female longings, well-hidden or perhaps even unconscious, for emancipation from the traditional roles of wife and mother, for sexual freedom and personal fulfillment? A. Loie Fuller B. Isadora Duncan C. Ruth St. Denis D. Kate Vaughan Answer Key: B Question 12 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) In Russia a period of experimentalism followed the 1917 Revolution. True False Answer Key: True Question 13 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which of the following is true about Modern dance of the 1930’s and 40’s? A.it embodied the complexities and contradictions of the modern world B. It confronted the grim realities of life, but also found a place for lyricism and humor C. it sought to express the American heritage, yet it also recognized the ethnic diversity of Americans and tried to convey this through dance D. all of the above are true Answer Key: D Question 14 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which American dancer drew inspiration from many cultures and choreographed Radha, an exotic evocation of hindu temple dancing? A. Isadora Duncan B. Loie Fuller C. Ruth St. Denis D. Ted Shawn Answer Key: C Question 15 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who spurned the decorative prettiness of contemporary ballet in favor of a style that emphasized emotional intensity and strong, stark movements? A. Doris Humphrey B. Rudolph Laban C. Hanya Holm D. Mary Wigman Answer Key: D Question 16 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) What year was the term ‘Modern Dance’ coined? A. 1950 B. 1910 C. 1890 D. 1927 Answer Key: D Question 17 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Martha Graham searched for the fundamental principles of movement. She evolved theories that became the basis of her dance technique. The basic human function of breathing inspired Graham’s theory of ________________. A. fall and recovery B. swoop and swirl C. contraction and release D. twist and turn Answer Key: C Question 18 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who found ideas for her dances in natural phenomena such as the movement of wind and waves, and drew upon ordinary actions such as walking, running, skipping and jumping: the normal ‘movement repertory’ of human beings? A. Isadora Duncan B. Mary Wigman C. Martha Graham D. Doris Humphrey Answer Key: A Question 19 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Which American dancer eschewed the technical virtuosity of ballet, was not particularly interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance, and devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore? A. Isadora Duncan B. Ruth St. Denis C. Loie Fuller D. Kate Vaughan Answer Key: C Question 20 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which ballerina performed the following pieces inspired by natural images: Dragonfly (1915), California Poppy (1915) and the best known of all, The Dying Swan, which Fokine had choreographed for her in 1907? A. Natalia Makarova B. Fanny Elssler C. Anna Pavlova Answer Key: C Question 21 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which organization was a confederation of dance groups founded in 1933 for the purpose of political activism through dance? A. Works Progress Administration B. New Dance Group C. Federal Dance Project D. Workers’ Dance League Answer Key: D Question 22 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which Modern dancer used West Indian and African dance as the basis for her powerful works on black themes? A. Isadora Duncan B. Martha Graham C. Yvonne Rainer D. Pearl Primus Answer Key: D. Question 23 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who served as musical director for the Denishawn company and encouraged both St. Denis and Shawn to commission new scores by American composers? A. Louis Horst B. Johannes Brahms C. John Cage D. Igor Stravinsky Answer Key: A Question 24 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which early 20th century Russian experimentalist believed choreographers should study the orchestral scores of their ballets so that their choreography would reflect musical qualities such as instrumental color and dynamics? A. Fyodor Lopukhov B. Kasian Goleizovsky. C. Nicholas Sergeyev D. Olga Spessivtseva Answer Key: A Question 25 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The subject of Isadora Duncan’s choreography was the soul: universal emotions, responses and aspirations. True False Answer Key: True Part 1 of 1  Multiple Choice/True False/Matching     Score: 48   (of possible 50 points) Question 1 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which American dancer combined ballet, tap, jazz, ballroom and gymnastics in his musicals and films, which he often choreographed and directed as well as performed? A. Fred Astaire B. George Balanchine C. Mark Morris D. Gene Kelly Answer Key: D Question 2 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which 20th century American choreographer created the light hearted ballet Fancy Free for Ballet Theater which was later expanded into a highly successful musical comedy, On the Town? A. Roland Petit B. Anthony Tudor C. Jerome Robbins D. Peter Martins Answer Key: C Question 3 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Danced to a score by Aaron Copland, which ballet was one of the most successful pieces mounted by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and was the work of American choreographer Agnes de Mille? A. Graduatuin Ball (1940) B. Rodeo (1942) C. Night Shadow (1946) D. A Tradegy of Fashion (1926) Answer Key: B Question 4 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which young ballerina took over Alicia Markova’s roles when she left in 1935, and went on to create many roles in Frederick Ashton’s ballets? A. Marie Rambert B. Margot Fonteyn C. Ninette de Valois D. Tamara Toumanova Answer Key: B Question 5 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) By the _______ ballet was well on its way to becoming a truly international art, with no single city as the center of the dance world. A. 1930s. B. 1940s C. 1950s D. 1960s Answer Key: C Question 6 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Although the deaths of Diaghilev in 1929 and Pavlova in 1931 began to weaken the Russian monopoly on western ballet, the tradition of the Ballet Russes was carried on in new ballet companies which sprang up in Britain, France and the U. S in the 1930s and 40s. True False Answer Key: True Question 7 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who first esablished the School of American Ballet, after recognizing the need for good dance training in America? A. George Balanchine B. Agnes de Mille C. Serge Lifar D. Lucia Chase Answer Key: A Question 8 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Freed by Cunningham and Nikolais from the necessity of storytelling or self-expression, the choreographers of the sixties began to explore new approaches to conceiving and structuring dances. True False Answer Key: True Question 9 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who organized the first dance concert in 1962 at Judson Memorial Church, which became a center for artistic and intellectual activities and the home of the group known as Judson Dance Theater? A. Trisha Brown B. Kenneth King C. Simone Forti D. Robert Dunn Answer Key: D Question 10 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) In Cunningham’s works, although music occupies the same timespan as the choreography, and design the same physical space, neither has to relate in any other way to the dancing. True False Answer Key: True Question 11 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which choreographer’s technique uses contact improvisation, in which the performers alternately take each other’s weight without using their hands, and requires a highly developed sense of balance and a capacity for rapport with others? A. Steve Paxton B. David Gordon C. Douglas Dunn D. Trisha Brown Answer Key: A Question 12 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Merce Cunningham is known for frequently collaborating with avant-garde composer: A. Scott Joplin B. George Gershwin C. John Cage D. Sergei Rachmaninoff Answer Key: C Question 13 of 23     Score: 0   (of possible 2 points) Which choreographer rebelled against what he viewed as the modern dance’s preoccupation with self? A. Paul Taylor B. Merce Cunningham C. Alvin Ailey D. Alwin Nikolais Answer Key: D Question 14 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Although the extreme experiments of the 1950’s, 60’s, and 70’s have been abandoned or softened with time, their impact has had which of the following effects on our conceptions of dance today? A. there is now more latitude in the types of movement generally accepted as dance B. there is more freedom of choice in choreographic method, performing style, costume, performing space and other elements of presentation C. it helped dissolve the myth that a dancer had to be trained practically from the cradle D. all of the above Answer Key: D Question 15 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Louis Horst’s review of Paul Taylor’s program ‘Seven New Dances’, published in Dance Observer of November 1957, consisted of a blank space. True False Answer Key: True Question 16 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which choreographer used everyday movements such as walking, running and sitting – an objective reminiscent of Isadora Duncan’s? A. Paul Taylor B. Lucinda Childs C. Anna Sokolow D. Martha Graham Answer Key: A Question 17 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Merce Cunningham has been recognized during his lifetime as one of the most innovative and influential choreographers of the 20th Century. True False Answer Key: True Question 18 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who said â€Å"I want man to be able to identify with things other than himself. We must give up our navel contemplations long enough to take our place in space. †A. Meredith Monk B. Alwin Nikolais C. Twyla Tharp D. David Gordon Answer Key: B Question 19 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The artists involved with Judson Dance Theater were avant-garde experimentalists who embraced the confines of Modern dance practice and theory. True False Answer Key: False. Question 20 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Cunningham sees randomness and arbitrariness as positive qualities in making dances because they are never conditions of real life. True False Answer Key: False Question 21 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who choreographed the radical work, Duet (1957), in which he and his pianist remained motionless for the duration of the dance, which was accompanied by a ‘non-score’ by John Cage. A. Merce Cunningham B. Paul Taylor C. Gene Kelly D. Mikhail Baryshnikov Answer Key: B. Question 22 of 23     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who said: â€Å"NO to spectacle no to virtuosity no to transformations and magic and make-believe no to the glamour and transcendency of the star image no to the heroic no to the anti-heroic no to trash imagery no to involvement of performer or spectator no to style no to camp no to seduction of spectator by the wiles of the performer no to eccentricity no to moving or being moved. †A. Yvonne Rainer B. Twyla Tharp C. Alvin Ailey D. Mikhail Baryshnikov Answer Key: A Question 23 of 23     Score: 6   (of possible 6 points). Please match the following descriptions with the correct answers Match Choice 1. Two major ballet companies in Soviet Russia initially known in the 1920s and 30s to encourage a predilection towards drama for political purposes. Select A. B. C. A. Kirov and Bolshoi Ballets 2. In contrast to the Ballet Russe companies, with their cosmopolitan roster and perennial touring, several companies in England began to develop a smaller scale national identity in the 1920s and 30’s Select A. B. C. B. Ballet Rambert and Sadler’s Wells Ballet 3. After Diaghilev’s death in 1929, and his company had disbanded, its name and heritage were claimed by two rival companies. Select A. B. C. C. Basil Ballets Russes and Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo Answer Key: 1 – A, 2 – B, 3 – C Part 1 of 1  Multiple Choice     Score: 50   (of possible 50 points) Question 1 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Although Alvin Ailey is usually classified as a modern dancer, he often employed the hybrid form of ‘modern ballet’ in works created for his multi-racial group, the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. True False Answer Key: True Question 2 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Life, death, and metamorphosis are _______’s principle themes. A. Butoh B. Tanztheater C. Minimalism D. Hip-hop Answer Key: A Question 3 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which choreographer of the Royal Ballet, produced many evening-long dramatic works including Romeo and Juliet (1965). A. Kenneth MacMillan B. Sir Frederick Ashton C. David Gordon D. Yuri Grigorovich Answer Key: A Question 4 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) When did modern dance choreographers first begin to set pieces for ballet companies? A. early 1930’s B. late 1940’s C. mid 1950’s D. early 1970’s Answer Key: B Question 5 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Which organization, established in 1984, has encouraged many American dance companies to take new risks by funding their collaboration with progressive choreographers? A. The Take a Risk Foundation B. National Endowment for the Arts C. The National Choreography Project D. none of the above Answer Key: C Question 6 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Twyla Tharp has been a favorite guest choreographer and has mounted works for American Ballet Theatre featuring the Russian premier danseur ________________. A. George Balanchine B. Alexander Gudunov C. Michel Fokine D. Mikhail Baryshnikov Answer Key: D Question 7 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) The term _______ became widely used in the 1970’s to describe certain types of peices by visual artists. A. punk B. story ballet C. performance art D. formalism Answer Key: C Question 8 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points). Riverdance is a show which presents the traditional dance form called _______ in a glamorous new package, performed by a large and proficient young cast with a high degree of energy and precision. A. Baroque dancing B. Ballroom dancing C. Court dancing D. Irish step dancing Answer Key: D Question 9 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) Who choreographed Still/Here which was perceived as the choreographer’s response to the death from AIDS of his partner Arnie Zane, and his own HIV positive status? A. Mark Morris B. Matthew Bourne. C. Bill T. Jones D. Garth Fagan Answer Key: C Question 10 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) A major offshoot of of modern dance, _______ , arose in Germany and is perhaps best known through the works of Pina Bausch. A. Butoh B. Minimalism C. Tanztheater D. Hip-hop Answer Key: C Question 11 of 25     Score: 2   (of possible 2 points) _______ is an urban culture created by rap musicians which encompasses music, dance and fashion. A. Butoh B. Minimalism C. Tanztheater D. Hip-hop Answer Key: D Question 12 of 25     Score.
Friday, August 30, 2019
Alexander Gavin’s Dilemma: Cultural Relativism and Business as Usual Essay
I. Viewpoint The viewpoint I am taking will be the writer of the letter himself, Alexander Gavin, since the matter at hand is a delicate one and Mr. Gavin is just asking the professor for his thoughts on the matter at hand. II. Statement of the Problem The central problem of the case is if Mr. Gavin should accept the deal which includes his cut or to find another way for the project to push through without involving himself. III. Objectives To be able to push through with the project and close the deal no matter what since this opportunity is highly profitable to the company. IV. Areas of Consideration a. Alexander Gavin and his direct boss, the Senior VP for urban projects, are both Americans. b. The construction company they are working for deals with major projects in the Middle East. c. The project with Ajax, Ltd. is highly profitable to their company. d. Pay-offs are common in the Middle East. V. Alternative Courses of Action From Alexander Gavin’s point of view, there are four courses of action he could take: a. He can forward this dilemma to his superiors and wait for their decision. b. He can stick with his ethics and reject the proposal then wait for the consequences. c. He can contact the other managers of Ajax, Ltd. and inform them of the corruption and also to take legal action against the manager who offered the deal to him. d. He can disregard his ethics and accept the offer given by the manager of Ajax, Ltd. VI. Conclusion and Recommendation The best solution for this ethical dilemma would be the fourth course of action for Alexander Gavin. As a Senior Product Manager of a prestigious construction company based on Kuwait, he must put the company’s interests first before his personal reasons. Also, considering that pay-offs are quite common in the Middle East, a 3 million increase from their initial bid is only a small fraction to the company’s expense considering the high profitability of the project. Additionally, taking into account the cultural norm of pay-offs, which the company would be aware of, and Alexander Gavin’s ethical beliefs. He could offer up his $1 million to the company as an extra or other income. That way, the project pushes through, the company highly profits and Alexander Gavin’s ethical beliefs would not be broken. Lucky Goldstar – Management, Korean Style I. Viewpoint The viewpoint I am taking would be that of Mr. P.W. Suh, the president of Goldstar of America plant. II. Statement of the Problem The key issue of the case is on how the Lucky-Goldstar Group, with its Korean style management, has affected the domestic electronics industry. Be it in a negative or positive way. III. Objectives a. To be able to identify if the effect on the domestic industry is positive or negative. IV. Areas of Consideration a. Korean management’s core value is harmony. b. Lucky-Goldstar took a gamble in manufacturing overseas. c. Integration of Korean management principles onto Dixie or Southern U.S. principles. d. Indicators of better growth than its U.S. counterparts. e. Speed of technological change. V. Case Questions a. The LG group has integrated its management style which influences its workers with harmony. Its methods which are borrowed from the U.S. would be the democratic approach to decision making and management. b. The LG group has started manufacturing in the U.S. to be able to avoid the protectionist rule which bars foreign products from entering from outside the country and also to gamble that they would be able to profit from this venture. c. It would have a positive impact on the domestic electronics industry because competition is always good for big companies. Competition is what motivates companies to be better than other companies. d. Their recent success can be best explained by economic and cultural factors. VI. Conclusion The Korean management style has positively affected the domestic electronics industry of the U.S. because of its strong competitive power in the market. Competition motivates companies. Its recent success can be explained because of economic and cultural factors. They allocated a huge budget on innovation which resulted in an edge in the technological market. Korea’s economy has boomed ever since they started this economic move. Also, this venture generated a lot of job opportunities for the sector.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Diary on Elizabethan Times Essay
Today I was filled to the top with euphoria because mother promised me she would take m to London for my birthday. I woke up abnormally early and washed my face with cold water and put on my favourite polka-dotted dress. I fixed my bed sheets and sprayed a small amount of perfume onto my clothes. I glanced at my pocket watch and found that it was already five o’clock; it would take two hours to get there. I raced down the stairs and shoved a few spoons of rice into my mouth and sprinted back upstairs to awake my sleeping mother. My mother took an everlasting period of time to get ready and when she did she started putting make up on. Whilst I was waiting I was reading a book about the history of London and how Henry the Eighth’s palace was there. When my mother had finally got ready, we clambered into the awaiting carriage; it was pulled by a beautiful, black mare, who, before I climbed into the carriage, stroked. When we arrived at London I was greeted to the smell of fresh baked bread, but I also heard screaming and shouting. As we drove past I felt sick and turned green, it was law day and someone was being executed. Their intestines had just been ripped out and the man’s face had a look of pure terror. His intestines were probably the last thing he saw. I turned away. These people were barbaric. As we passed my mother ordered the driver to stop and I opened the door and found myself looking at St. Marys of Bethlehem, I had always wanted to come here. As I entered I could hear laughter, I turned round the corner and found myself staring at dancing peasant. At first I was extremely confused, and then I saw the people poking them. Anger boiled in my stomach, people were provoking the poor people by hitting them with sharp sticks forcing them to dance. I had had enough. I stormed back to the carriage fuming and my mother gave me a strange look. She told the driver to go somewhere, I couldn’t hear her because she was whispering, and the man grinned. The man was driving, I didn’t know where to, I was lost in my thoughts of anger. But when the man did stop I was shocked to find myself in front of The Globe, the most famous theatre in the world. I raced over and hugged my mother as hard as I could; she laughed and kissed me on the head. We held hands and sauntered into the theatre. My mother paid two one penny pieces and we walked into the theatre. We then watched Romeo and Juliet.
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Goings Manufacturing Division and Just-in-Time Essay
Goings Manufacturing Division and Just-in-Time - Essay Example We will look at these aspects and how the principles of JIT can be applied to Going's manufacturing division. Going should try to revamp its value chain and come up with a leaner manufacturing system. First of all, the company should exert effort in reducing the number of its suppliers and forging strategic alliances with them. Currently, the company solely bases its supplier choice on who can give the lowest price. Going should pursue close collaboration with its parts supplier because they are important stakeholders of the company. JIT highlights the importance of the physical distance of the supplier and the manufacturer's warehouse/plant. Having suppliers locate within reach will be mutually beneficial-suppliers will cut down on logistics cost while manufacturer is assured of fast and timely delivery whenever component is needed. Going can even get rid of its warehouse if all its major suppliers operate near its manufacturing plant. Going should pursue further efficiency in production by sourcing semi-assembled products from its suppliers. The case mentioned that the company currently has 10,000 part numbers.
Learning, Training and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Learning, Training and Development - Essay Example The paper describes individual learning. The individual gains personal growth which he/she uses to enhance performance and develop career. Sadler-Smith identifies various theories that underpin learning at an individual level. These consist of: cognitive, behaviourist, social learning, and situated learning theories. The cognitive theory implies that an individual acquires knowledge and problem solving skills that he/she transfers to new everyday jobs through mental processes. The behaviourist theory by Ivan Pavlov, Skinner and J.B Watson views learning as a reaction to stimuli and individuals differ in their rate of learning. The social learning theory by Bandura emphasizes learning through experience since individuals cannot rely on their own actions only. They learn by observing others and only demonstrate the learned behaviour when they expect a reward. Harri-Augstein and Thomas disagree that learning is ‘a conversational construction, reconstruction and exchange of persona lly significant, relevant and viable meanings with awareness and controlled purpossiveness’. The language of dialogue used in the conversation is in form of internal thought processes and external processes of communication with others which leads to purposeful enquiry and change in mental models. The role of training practitioners is therefore to facilitate the process of dialogue and enquiry. Group learning occurs as a result of collective individual learning. ... The behaviourist theory by Ivan Pavlov, Skinner and J.B Watson views learning as a reaction to stimuli and individuals differ in their rate of learning. The social learning theory by Bandura emphasizes learning through experience since individuals cannot rely on their own actions only. They learn by observing others and only display the learned behaviour when they expect a reward. Harri-Augstein and Thomas (1991) argue that learning is ‘a conversational construction, reconstruction and exchange of personally significant, relevant and viable meanings with awareness and controlled purpossiveness’ (329). The language of dialogue used in the conversation is in form of internal thought processes and external processes of communication with others which leads to purposeful enquiry and change in mental models. The role of training practitioners is therefore to facilitate the process of dialogue and enquiry. Group (Team) Learning Group learning occurs as a result of collective i ndividual learning. Sadler-Smith (2006) argues that learning takes place within a social framework of participation hence the need to learn as a group and work collectively to achieve a common objective. Since, employees learn from each other in the group, the group should comprise of individuals with different skills and are willing to share knowledge with other members (Fenwick, 2008). The teams should be committed, collaborative, and have good communication skills. However, the management has the role to keep the groups motivated so as to gain commitment and success by giving feedback, recognizing and rewarding performance and letting the group formulate its objectives.
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Finance for manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Finance for manager - Essay Example In the initial three (3) year period the market will be restricted to only a few suppliers but this will change thereafter as the market will be opened to other suppliers. This means that care should be taken to ensure that the company does not invest in too large a capacity which may not be necessary later. There are two options available to Steelbeam. The company can either choose option 1 – which involves investing in capital with a limited capacity to produce a maximum of 1,000 units (small capacity) or option 2 with the capacity to produce a maximum of 4,000 units (large capacity). These alternatives have different variable cost per unit with the large capacity project having the lowest variable cost per unit and the small capacity project the highest variable cost. In assessing the two options the company has to pay attention to the contribution that both projects make to fixed cost as well as the break even point in units. Additionally, every capital budgeting decision requires the use of capital budgeting techniques in order to make a determination of which option is more advantageous to the company. The techniques available to your company include: ENPV is calculated using the figures obtained from the pessimistic, most likely and optimistic market forecast while applying the formula used in project evaluation and review technique (PERT). This technique assumes that the estimates of sales and demand activity follow a probability distribution (See Heizer and Render 2006). The expected sales and demand are found through the application of weights to the three estimates in each case – of demand and sales, as follows: The information arrived at from the computations suggests that the expected annual demand is 6,333 units and the expected selling price per unit - Â £12,167. These figures can be used to determine which option is better for Steelbeam PLC. Each option will be assessed to determine its
Monday, August 26, 2019
Consumer Segmentation Process Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Consumer Segmentation Process - Case Study Example It has changed the nature of health care. The marketing technique used by this brand can be called as customized branding. It is a process to accommodate the brand according to the needs of to specific individuals for particular purposes. The market Segmentation plays important role during this process. For instance in the case of NHF 'Tick' products it helps to understand and identify a particular group of customers for defining the needs of customers and also for evolving guidelines to find the required product. The segmentation process also used instrumentally for developing and communicating the customized brand proposal. Market segmentation is the method of separating the market segments into specific categories. Different groups of consumers need different types of products. They should be accessed by using specific strategies. By using target marketing method developing sales and evolving marketing strategies. Product positioning is used by companies to offer specific products to specific group of people. Purpose of market segmentation can be achieved with the help of various methodologies. The main segmentation variables for consumer markets depend upon geography, demography, psychology and behavior of consumers. These variables are used in conjunction with market requirements. Marketing experts think that they are in a better position to know market segments where requirements of consumers are not fully met. Managers should use different segmentation variables in association to target markets precisely. Geographic Variable The geographical association of consumers plays an important role in market segmentation process. Research reports show that preferences of vary from village dwellers to city inhabitants. There is quite noticeable difference in the purchasing power of these categories of the consumers. Moreover these preference vary from developing regions to developed regions. As far as Australia is concerned the consumer preferences are quite different in city centers as compared to rural consumers. It would be interesting to know that major city dwellers are more prone to heart diseases because of their busy lives and also because of fast food culture. Whereas in rural areas, people are involved in physical activities on greater scale. So there is less chance of heart diseases. Consequently they would pay less attention to NHF recommended products. So it can be concluded that companies would have to target specific regions. (Michman, 1991, p. 27) Demographic Variable Analyses of polls and survey results show that age play an important role in market segmentation process with special reference to NHF recommended products. Heart diseases and other similar symptoms are likely to develop in people of high age group. So it would be appropriate to target the groups of older age people who may feel interest in 'Tick' products. The age factor is also associated with geographic variables as well. Companies can target those thickly populated areas where aged people are dwelling higher proportion who are more prone to heart and high cholesterol related diseases. Consumers can be further
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Cultures of the United States and Saudi Arabia Essay
Cultures of the United States and Saudi Arabia - Essay Example In effect, these factors essentially make the behaviors of human beings different, which essentially bring cultural differences in various societies. It may be stated that each country around the world has its own unique culture. However, there are also some similarities in some country's cultures. There are characteristic cultural differences and similarities between the Americans and the Saudis. However, in general, it is obvious that the differences in culture are way more than the similarities. For example, the Saudis believe that the religion is essentially the most important part in their daily lives. Americans do not attach a significant value to religion in their daily lives. Also, the Saudi government mainly depends on the religion as a constitution to lead the country. Because of all that, in this paper I will be focusing on the most important culture differences and some common similarities and of the United States and Saudi Arabia. Differences The following are the various cultural differences between the American and the Saudi societies. Collectivism The Saudi society is considered to be more collective in its cultural aspects than the American society. This can be attributed to the fact that collectivism is given more importance in Saudi than in America. People in Saudi Arabia prefer group work. That is, they favor undertaking their work in companies as a group rather than working alone. For instance, the Saudi people would prefer funding a business rather than looking for people to invest in it. Similarly, Saudi people think of themselves as members of one group hence they work together to effect things for each other according to Sam and Berry (2006). They also base their decision on group basis as opposed to Americans who mainly base decisions on personal thoughts. Power distance In Saudi Arabia, there is higher power distance as compared to America. The lack of development in Saudi followed by the belief in old customs has led to higher power distance in the country. This can be attributed to the fact that Saudi men have mor e authority than women hence women cannot make any decisions without the approval of men. On the other hand, in America, the man and the woman share in decision making hence there is almost no power distance. Uncertainty Avoidance Among the Saudi, the society is considered close minded while in America, the society is open minded. As a result, the Saudi people have uncertainty avoidance as opposed to their America counterparts, as they try to keep away from the unknown. For instance, in Saudi, the employees in a company are always opposed to change in procedures while in America the workers are more open to any change in company procedures according to Kleypas and McDougall (2011). Moreover, in Saudi, the people’s emotions at work are important hence good relations are ensured among workers. On the contrary, In America, work itself is the most important aspect at work as people do not allow personal relationships to interfere with their work. Nepotism Nepotism is considered a positive thing among the Saudi people and most family members succeed through family businesses. Men shake hands in meetings while good friends shake hands and kiss in Saudi. Similarly, men are free to approach fellow men in Saudi. This is however not the case when dealing with Saudi women. However to the American culture people are free to approach each other. To the Americans, this is an issue of freedom as opposed to Saudi where this is a matter of respect. Similarities Despite the above
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Business project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Business project - Essay Example Sweet Sunrise Bakery will offer its products at a competitive price to meet the demands of its diverse customer base, the lower, middle, and upper-income earners. Sweet Sunrise Bakery plans to make all sorts of bread products both sour and non-sour with different traditional background heritage. We aim to satisfy our customer with the presence of a broad base of products to choose; this will enable clients/consumers to pick their preferences at their comfort of their environment and circumstance. It is prospected the bakery to have several employees, however, at the moment xxxxxxxxxxxx will be the CEO while xxxxxxxxxxxxxx will be the assistant CEO, making the management team. They both have ownership shares of 70% and 30% respectively (First Research, Inc. 18 June 2015). The bakery will offer services and products that already tried and proved as an accurate reflection of Sweet Sunrise Bakery Classic assorted products. Some of the products it bakes include fresh baked assorted bread that do have the traditional foundation, San Francisco. Examples of the product are the San Francisco iconic sourdough French bread, sweet bread (non-sourdough), harvest bread, clam chowder, and European hearth bread among other products. Some of the service the bakery will provide will include serving coffee in one of the cafà ©s fitted beside the bakery (Timothea18 June 2015). The bakery will also embrace technology by making sales through having online services, which will involve ordering online, making payments online, and having the food products delivered to your homestead within the stipulated time. The target market has a population of about 1100 and other towns outlying with 3100. Some of the residents are professionals while others are retirees with good pensions. The Norfolk River provides good tourist attractions adding more customers. The locals will be reached through word of
Friday, August 23, 2019
Who were the anasazi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Who were the anasazi - Essay Example The Anasazi lived in masonry villages that hosted sacred places where they offered sacrifices to their gods. Indeed, this cultural group had many gods. The masonry villages occupied the edges of Chaco Canyons. Apparently, access to the masonry villages was via rock climbing or by a rope. The Anasazi were farmers where they planted beans and other cereals in the dry land where corn was the stable food. They stored water in ditches that enabled them to survive during the dry seasons. Additionally, they were hunters and gatherers who sought to safeguard their families from drought-related effects. However, very little information about the Anasazi culture is available since archeologists can only find indirect evidence regarding Anasazi’s life. Indeed, archaeologists argue about various aspects of the Anasazi culture. For example, nobody can explain why the Anasazi deserted the Four Corners. Nevertheless, archaeologists agree that the Anasazi left many dwelling sites especially c liff
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Landscape, Spirit, and Music Essay Example for Free
Landscape, Spirit, and Music Essay Anne Boyd’s â€Å"Landscape, Spirit, and Music: An Australian Story†is a substantive view on the integration of the landscape of a distinct culture represented by aboriginal beliefs and traditions to Australia’s inimitable non-Indigenous music industry. Boyd said, â€Å"it is possible to see something of the significance of music in constructing an ‘inspirited’ relationship with landscape as part of a possible process of ‘aboriginalization’ which is slowly affecting all of Australia’s non-indigenous inhabitants. †Boyd sought to prove her assumptions by presenting various evidences in the works of famous Australian composers such as Ross Edwards, Peter Sculthorpe, and David Lumsdaine, including the artistry of Tommy Barrtjap as a musician. The landscape that Boyd was referring to with regards to the influences of some non-Indigenous Australian composers encompasses the history of Australia, the culture of its indigenous people, as well as the physical landscape or environment that makes the country matchless in beauty and whereiwthal. The history of Australia serves as the backdrop or milieu from which the composers were able to structure their unique, meaningful, and poignant music. Furthermore, the culture of Australia’s indigenous peoples becomes the inspiration for musicians or composers to create something exclusive and distinctive. Thus, the musicians and composers that Boyd mentioned in her discussions were able to create a kind of music that channels mysticism, spirituality, and the metaphysical, representative of Australia’s indigenous culture. Boyd said that â€Å"All three composers [Ross, Edwards Schulthorpe] have drawn upon birdsong, not literally, but in a mythical and ritual sense; birds thus become spiritual messengers linking human music and landscape. †The great influence of Australia’s history and the indigenous culture of its native inhabitants is expected, as argued by Schultz . Schultz said that the emergence of a unique and distinctive music is most likely, particularly in Australia because â€Å"the existence of diverse immigrant population, a sense of real or imagined isolation, insecurity about the presence of a national character†¦ unique natural features such as climate, geography and flora and fauna, a pre-existing and extant culture with a strong and individual civilization, high standards of education with concomitant levels of artistic self-awareness, and substantial government subsidization of artistic activity†are dynamic and influential factors that would encourage such devotion and revolution in making and producing music for the sake of art. Furthermore, Lim believes that the growing interest of non-Indigenous Australian musicians to the history of Australia and culture of its Indigenous peoples as landscapes to developing music has something to do with the stipulation of these composers to develop a unique kind of music and a pe rsonal identity as a musician or composer. Lim said â€Å"Aboriginal cultures continue to be used by artists as a marker of authenticity in the construction of an Australian identity of sense of nationality. †By and large, Boyd’s discussions as supported by the narratives and arguments presented by Schultz and Lim explicate the great weight or importance of Indigenous culture in Australia as well as its history in helping musicians and composers create music that represents nationalism and establish a unique and inimitable identity. Works Cited Boyd, Anne. 2007. â€Å"Landscape, Spirit and Music,†in The Soundscapes of Australia: Music, Place and Spiritually. Richards, Fiona (Burlington, VT: Ashgate), pp. 11-18. Lim, Liza. â€Å"Crossing Cultural Boundaries and Ecstatic Transformation,†Sounds Australian 26 (2006), 10-11. Schultz, Andrew. â€Å"Other Places, Whose Music? : Some Introductory Comments on Appropriation and Tradition,†Sounds Australian 20 (1991): 8-9.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free
Criminal Justice Essay Herbert Packer a professor from Stanford University came up with two models of how the criminal justice system works. The two models that Herbert Packer had came up with is the crime control model and due process model.The crime control model is based on conservative values such as aggressive arrest, prosecution and conviction of criminals and makes the system more efficient and safer for people. The due process control is basically protecting an individual’s rights whether they’re accused and to protect the innocent people from conviction. According to the article , neither models should be used because both the crime control and due process model have both significant strengths and weaknesses. For example, one weakness of a due process model is it only protects the accused individual rights and not the victim. Also the articles claims that â€Å"both appear to have potential pitfalls and dangers that could threaten both safety and security and the individual freedoms that have made the United States a beacon of stability and freedom throughout the world†. The article also states that crime control model is too harsh while the due process model is just soft on the accused individuals. While the crime control model is aggressive arrest and it could be trouble if the police officers arrest the innocent by accident and during the aggressive arrest it may hurt the victims also.This shows that neither models should be used due to all the reasons above. Herbert Packer feels that both methods should be combined to prevent weaknesses in the model while gaining more strengths and less dangers to the society. Also Herbert Packer feels that if the models were combined, it’ll be the best strategy to deal with crimes days in the future. With the criminal control model being harsh and the due process being more soft on the accused, they would make a great team which adjusting the levels to just right not too harsh or too easy. These reasons above states why Herbert Packer feels that both models or methods should be combined. Based on all the facts given to me, I would prefer the crime control model because crime control model could actually prevent more crimes while the due process model would increase the amount of crimes a year. Also the crime control model enforces the law while the due process model doesn’t. I would prefer the crime control model also because it’s better to be safe than sorry and increases the social order in that certain area. Since the due process model is too easy on the criminal, there may be a chance that the individual would commit another crime and in society it is important to maintain social order or there would be chaos.I also think that if the crime control model is including traffic stops ,wiretapping and surveillance , it’ll still protect the victim and the criminal somehow. The crime control model is necessary to make a free society. With the crime control model, the criminal justice system should be more efficient than ever. The crime control model increases the police powers which make the criminal afraid of committing any more crimes. This is shows why I prefer the crime control model over the due process model. Herbert Packer a professor from Stanford University came up with two models of how the criminal justice system works. The two models that Herbert Packer had came up with is the crime control model and due process model. In conclusion, there are many strengths and weaknesses among the models but still the crime control method is more important in order to prevent crimes from increasing.
Rising interest on entrepreneurship
Rising interest on entrepreneurship 1.0 INTRODUCTION The rising interest on entrepreneurship has become a regular topics discussed among academician and politician and there are many evidence can be seen worldwide (Levenburg and Schwarz, 2008). In the U.S alone, for the past 10 years, on averaged 600,000 new businesses was incorporated each year (Kuratko, 2005). There is also a significant increase in endowment received by business schools in the U.S. for entrepreneurship activities. Since 1995 US$10 million had been contributed compared to an average US$500,000 to US$1 million in early 1990s (Katz, 2003). Studies on forty countries entrepreneurship activities by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) have seen the sharp increased from 2 per cent to 29 per had confirm this fact (Levenburg and Schwarz, 2008). There are many reasons for it and why it is becoming more important nowadays. Due to the advantages and attractiveness of entrepreneurship in the economy, Lambing and Kuehl (2007) noted a remarkable increase in new business in the U.S. for the past 10 15 years. The practice of downsizing by big firms also believed to contribute into the increasing number of people considering entrepreneurship as a career not only because of unemployment but also decreasing interest of people pursuing career in a big corporation. They feel that the organizations have no longer provided the job security and career opportunities that they once did. The use of technology in the working places had taking away many jobs in the organization and reduced the need for labor and manager in big firms. Due to these factors, many people deciding to become independent in pursuing their economic needs (Lambing and Kuehl, 2007). Entrepreneurial firms had a crucial contribution into the economy as they become a part of renewal process of declining economies with its innovation which lead to technological change and growth in productivity. Not only that, they also become the main employment provider which enable all walk of life to access the economic accomplishment (Kuratko, 2005). In Malaysia, the seriousness of the government in promoting entrepreneurship among Malaysian can be seen with various programs and incentives offered to the current and future entrepreneur. In 2007, Prime Minister of Malaysia, YAB Dato Seri Abdullah bin Hj. Ahmad Badawi had presented in the National budget a special agenda that cater to develop competitive Bumiputera entrepreneur. Several public and private agencies had also be formed such as the formation of Perbadanan Usahawan Nasional Berhad (PUNB) in 1991 which has successfully developed Bumiputera entrepreneurs in strategic industries and trade sectors such as in oil and gas, electrical and electronics and ICT (2007 Budget Speech by Prime Minister). In order to support this effort financially, financial institutions such as Bank Simpanan Malaysia and Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia will providing micro credit facilities to Bumiputera entrepreneur and become one of the proof to the government effort to promote entrepreneurial quest among its citizens. There is no doubt on the important of entrepreneurship for the nations economy as Ibrahim and Soufani (2002) found in their research. The small business sector in Canada plays a significant role in the economy. However, without proper training and guidance there is a likelihood that the entrepreneur will face the business failure as found out by Ibrahim and Soufani (2002). They had identified the major cause of the high failure rate in a new business venture is the entrepreneur lack of managerial skills and competencies and agreed that entrepreneurship training is a key strategy to reduce the high failure rate in the small business sector. This is supported by Sullivan (2000) who stated that entrepreneurial learning is of critical importance to the survival and growth of SMEs in most marketplaces. Henry et al (2005) suggested that in order for entrepreneurial development programs to be effective, learning must be based in real work situations so that a person can implement what they have learnt better. The use of Kolbs learning cycle that is involved in experiencing, reflecting, conceptualizing, and experimentation concept during the process of learning will help them to apply what they have learnt in the real organizational or business setting into their own venture. This is when the entrepreneurship education can play its role and becoming the instrument in creating more and more entrepreneur in the society. However it is crucial to understand who is entrepreneur and what are their traits so that the learning process can be programmed in such a way that benefit to the target audience and able to reach its objectives. 2.0 THE GENERAL CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP To better understand the topic, this part will explain the theoretical concept of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship traits, and motivation factors of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship is a dynamic subject to discuss and there are many angles it can be viewed, critics, and studied and there is no one fixed definition for it (Zimmerer et al, 2008; Brooks, 2009; Barringer and Ireland, 2008). The definitions are different from one writer to another where most of it are derived from their readings or research they had conducted. Brooks (2009) viewed entrepreneurship from the classical economic model and defined entrepreneurship as a factor of production, or an input to production such as labor, physical capital, human capital, and land and entrepreneur is an individual who put the element of skills and risk that they add into the inputs. Joseph Schumpeter (an Austrian economist) describes entrepreneurship as an economic force that had droved capitalism in the western world which mainly characterize by the will to succeed, competitiveness and success in the economic activity (Brooks, 2009). Brooks (2009) adds that entrepreneurship success comes from the creativity and innovativeness of an individual or organization which gives enormous impact to the economy by creating of new jobs and employment opportunity. According to Wenneker and Thurik (1999) entrepreneur can be divided â€Å"into three intellectual traditions according to the German, neo-classical, and Austrian†which summarized the function of entrepreneur as a leader to market stability through entrepreneurial activities, profitability opportunist, and â€Å"creator of instability through its creative destruction†. Based on this study Hebert and Link (1989) defined the entrepreneur as â€Å"someone who specializes in taking responsibility for and making judgmental decisions that affect the location, form, and the use of goods, resources, or institutions†(Wenneker and Thurik, 1999). Entrepreneurship is made of entrepreneur that is an individual who creates new business in the face of risk and uncertainty for achieving profit and growth opportunities (Zimmerer et al, 2008). These individuals than assembles necessary resources to capitalize those opportunities in order to materialize its goals. There are different views on which entrepreneurship traits that really turn someone to become successful entrepreneur. Table 1 summarized some of the entrepreneurship traits in the view of different writers and researchers. Author Entrepreneurship Traits Zimmerer et al (2008) from David McClelland 1. Desire for responsibility 2. Preference for moderate risk (risk eliminators) 3. Confidence in their ability to succeed 4. Desire for immediate feedback 5. High level of energy 6. Future orientation (serial entrepreneurs) 7. Skill in organization 8. Value of achievement over money Zimmerer et al (2008) 1. High degree of commitment 2. Willingness to accept risk, work hard and take action 3. Flexibility Barringer and Ireland (2008) 1. Passion for the Business 2. Product/Customer Focus 3. Tenacity Despite Failure 4. Execution Intelligence David A. Kirby (2004) 1. Risk-taking capability 2. Need for achievement 3. Locus control 4. Desire for autonomy 5. Deviancy 6. Creativity and opportunism 7. Intuition Timmons et al from David A. Kirby (2004) 1. Total commitment, determination, and perseverance 2. Drive to achieve and grow 3. Orientation to goals and opportunities 4. Taking initiative and personal responsibility 5. Veridical awareness and a sense of humour 6. Seeking and using feedback 7. Internal locus control 8. Tolerance of ambiguity, stress and uncertainty 9. Calculated risk-taking and risk sharing 10. Low need for status and power 11. Integrity and reliability 12. Decisiveness, urgency and patience 13. Learning from failure 14. Team builder and hero maker Mario Rutten (2001) on Chinese entrepreneur 1. Strong emphasis on personal advancement 2. Hard work and self-sacrifice for the family honour, community, and ancestors. Alina M. Zapalska and Will Edwards (2001) on traditional authority and entrepreneurial culture for direction in life 1. Confucian culture to the family 2. A strong tendency to promote the collective or the group 3. A deep respect for age, hierarchy, and authority 4. Importance of reputation achieved through hard work and successful enterprise Colette Henry, Frances Hill, and Claire Leitch (2005) 1. Entrepreneur is someone who involved in the process of creating something different in the business. Donald F. Kuratko (2005) on entrepreneurship characteristics 1. Opportunities seekers 2. Beyond security risk taker 3. Tenacity to push idea through reality Table 1: The summarize entrepreneurship traits What motivate individual to become an entrepreneur? What motivate a person to become an entrepreneur? There are many authors or researchers that had conducted on such matter had varies in views from the aspect of psychology, sociology and economic anthropology. From the view of psychology, this research try to look into the mental model of an entrepreneur whether their motivation or behavior is based on thought that they see from surrounding which relate one part to another that finally have the consequences to their actions. For example, research by Autere and Autio (2000) had found that from their qualitative study on the small software firms in Finland, mimicking behavior of success businesses plays a role in creating new entrepreneur and their behavior orientation can be acquired through imitation. The mental model of the management in the big firms also influenced the behavior of new and small firms, and therefore can be learned through experience and external influences. The growth-oriented of the external model perceived by the new entrepreneur also influence their behavior toward advancement of their business. By exposing the growth-oriented mental models into the management of the new business, this will induce greater growth orientation among their managers. They also found that if the exposure to growth-oriented mental models is introduce earlier in the business life, this will instill a growth-oriented culture in the firm and lead to faster growth in the future. There are also many questions on whether there are different motivating factors on individual from different culture. Many researchers try to explain this human economic behavior and this is what the economic anthropology comes into the picture. Economic anthropology is a description and analysis of economic life, using an anthropological perspective which approaches and locates aspects of peoples individual and collective lives (personal and society) and how its linking with one another (Carrier, 2005). Durrenberger (2005) describe the economic anthropology as a system in which people produce, distribute, and consume goods in order to meet their material needs and this systems look into how it was organized, operate, created, and connected to other systems. Dalton (1968) mentioned that the economic anthropology is concerned with the organization of economy and its connection between economic and social organization and the results of economic process which relates to productivity. Because of this reasons, the entrepreneur exist due to the needs of the society that need to be filled and this existence benefit the society with systematically organized economy where the exchange of needs can be met. What drive an entrepreneur can be said that human wants are no longer limited and LeClair Jr. (1962) mentioned that contemporary economist have long since adopted a broader view of human wants. A person has to deal with the fact that their aspirations always exceed their capabilities and they have to economize their capabilities with the significance of meeting their desires to the fullest extent possible (LeClair Jr., 1962). This can be filled with the association of economic process which described by LeClair Jr. (1962) as an event of producing goods or services for utilization or consumption of the produce goods or services for the satisfaction of human wants. One of the major paradigms in economic anthropology is culturalism. One of the focus in this study would be trying to determine whether culture play an important role in encouraging the entrepreneurship behavior among member of its society. It is crucial to understand what culture is all about before we know what role it plays in the entrepreneurship. Schein (2004) defined culture as a pattern of shared basic assumptions that group learned as it solved its problems through external adaptation with the internal integrations. When this has worked well enough to be considered valid, therefore it is taught to new members as it is a correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to the problems. Schein (2004) classified the level of culture from the surface to the deepest level based on the degree of visibility of the cultural phenomenon to the observer. Artifacts such as architecture, language, technology, products, etc. are at the surface of cultural level which is the visible organizational structures and processes that can be sees, hears, and feels (Schein 2004). A person interpretation on others will be predictably being the projections of his feelings and reactions from his experienced. Related to this, a person motivation to become an entrepreneur can be from his experienced by looking what the benefits and rewards that entrepreneurship can offer from his surrounding. If he saw it as a positive experienced, there is a positive tendency that he will also motivated to do the same and vice versa. The motivation to become an entrepreneur can also cause by the personality of different individual. Different culture does have different perception on how a person develops their personality. People from Asia are known as less focused on differentiating the individual from the group and put less emphasis on self-actualization compare to the westerners which have a strong concepts of the individualistic where being different from the group is not being seen as indifferent (Schein, 2004). Asian sees group opinion or values is more important than taking own actions and benefits to the group is more important than their own and always put their own interest last. For example, Asian Chinese entrepreneurs hold a strong belief in collective organization management and see challenges as a group endeavors rather than individual objectives (Zapalska and Edwards, 2001). This is why some successful entrepreneur is found to come from a group or families. Berger (1991) explains that family entrepreneurship is directly responsible for Hong Kongs extraordinary economic success. Paternalistic management style in the traditional Chinese family where the father in the family had the autocratic power is responsible for adding family wealth had become the reason of the family economic advancement. This creates competition among families and this style was brought into the business which finally creates vicious competition among firms. However because of this competition, researchers found that family based firm does not last long. Their estimation is between two and a half to three generations (Berger, 1991). The role of family as the most critical element in developing individual entrepreneurial character was also supported by Gupta (1991) from her interviews on Indian entrepreneurs. The rise of economic success of Chinese businessmen in recent years also being said to be contributed by the solidarity, closeness and strong ties between family and clan that they had portrayed. Unlike their counterpart on the West which emphasized more on individualistic spirit, collectivism is being the core values that they hold in doing business. Rutten (2001) believed that combining with personal loyalty to family and group welfare, social and family environment with strong traditional values and practices, has contributed to the development of entrepreneurship in Asia. However, a country advancement and progress do not take place in a single society as a whole but through the network of diversified collective of its social life. To flourish, small-scale entrepreneurs have to develop their technical and social skills. They have to build the external networks between suppliers, sellers, customers, entrepreneur and others and made them become part of the institutional structures that they had built (Berger, 1991). In order to success, network had become an element which play an important role in doing business (Gidsell, 1991). This institutional structure is not only in the form of family relations but also in the ethnic group they belong. It is believed that entrepreneur from the same ethnic had the advantages and benefited from belonging to the group because of they shared same ethics and cultural norms. Landa (1991) found that the shared ethics and cultural norms had functioned as social capital where they can reduce cost of business by receiving low interest or even interest free loan from fellow ethnic entrepreneur. Gidsell (1991) found that entrepreneur from the same ethnic groups not only providing initial capital and stock but also the running the day-to-day operation of business. Social capital is not the only capital that this ethnic entrepreneur received. Godsell (1991) mentioned that network built in the ethnic groups did provide the entrepreneur with spiritual capital. This network becomes the way of their survival and as a result prospering the community. Tangible recognition in the form of honorary doctorates and other public awards (Godsell, 1991) and the structural factors such as religion, culture and socio-political conditions of community support (Gupta, 1991) would also help the entrepreneur to move forward. The cultural aspect had become the interest of many researchers that study entrepreneurship and had emerged as study of ethnic entrepreneurship (Light, 2004; Greene and Chaganti, 2004; Iyer, 2004). This study had ranged from the entrepreneurial behavior into the financial aspect of the business. Light (2004) seen ethnic entrepreneurship as an economic activity that had result from the actions of minority ethnic group to reduce their disadvantage and exclusion from the labor market. Self-employment or entrepreneurship had played a major role in this community and as a result, ethnic entrepreneur are always seen as an employment provider to fellow co-ethnic when the employment opportunities is limited for them. 3.0ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION Because of the challenges and uncertain future face by the people today, there will be a greater need for them to have entrepreneurial skills and abilities so they can deal it with. Factors such as reduction of trade barriers due to the globalization of economy, technology advancement, privatisation of public service has created complexity and uncertainty in the society which cause changes in organisational management and even individual perception towards employment (Henry et al, 2005). The changing landscapes of economic environment give important role for entrepreneurship education to play. The important of entrepreneurship education can be seen as it becomes the political agenda and the priority for both industrially developed and developing countries. It is agree that the entrepreneurship education can increase the quality and quantity of graduate entrepreneurs which enter into the country economy. Education they received in the higher education institutions had absolutely influence their attitude towards entrepreneurship and equips them with necessary knowledge and skills for entrepreneurial activities (Matlay, 2006). With the increasing demand for study of entrepreneurship, there have been seen the explosion of sudden increase in the number of entrepreneurship courses offered in the higher education institution where 2,200 courses had been offered at over 1,600 schools in the United States alone (Katz, 2003), and it also believed the same growth of interest had occurred in other countries as well such as in Europe and Asia. There are also a number of major academic institutions in the U.S which had developed programs in entrepreneurship research. With the research conducted combined with symposium and conference, it has become the means of acquiring for latest developments in entrepreneurship (Kuratko, 2005). Even though the gaining popularity and interest of entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions, this field is said to be at its early life phase which debates are still continuing on conceptual and methodological issues. Henry et al (2005) said that previous research from various disciplines had been conducted without developing its theoretical framework had cause many different analyses and outcomes from the research conducted on the subject. Until now, the different views prolonged because each of researchers or experts involved do not use each others work and the huge knowledge generated on entrepreneurship research had cause the discipline to be fragmented and never been cumulated (Henry et al, 2005). There are continuous debate (Henry et al, 2005) on entrepreneurship definition and interchangeable term use to describe entrepreneurship such as entrepreneur, enterprise and small business may not give advantage for the studies of entrepreneurship and as a result it is difficult to assess the current situation of entrepreneurship education. Matlay (2006) suggested the need for better review for such programmes because of the existence of content difference and its quality among business schools that had offered such courses and had continuously creating debates among academician related to its appropriateness and effectiveness. In addition of the difficulties of conceptualizing and contextualizing the field of entrepreneurship education, will lead to a puzzle and mislead policy maker which cause the credibility of academician involves affected and questions the need for further funding in this field. However, the effort to centralize the studies on entrepreneurship for its excellence can be seen with the establishment of consortium of research center across the U.S. (Kuratko, 2005). According Kurako (2005) among the sources of understanding on entrepreneurial activities are coming from academic research and publications, observation on entrepreneurs, speeches and presentations from conferences or seminars. Kuratko from literature reviewed had seen suggestion from various researchers regarding the entrepreneurship education pedagogy which among it is the important to deal with the ambiguous nature of business entry, developing skill-building courses such as negotiation, leadership, new product development, creative thinking, and exposure to technological innovation. Awareness programs such as entrepreneurship as employment choice, financial and legal aspects of business management, into out of the class approach such as field trips, consultation with practicing entrepreneurs and even competitions can also be seen as a good approach in educating future entrepreneurs. There are also suggestions on the important of considering who the target audience is in designing such programs. There will be different learning needs of entrepreneur at different stages of business development they currently have. It is necessary to have different pedagogic approach for different target audience so the educators and trainer or training provider can improve their approach in entrepreneurial learning. And it is important to match and characterized between what are perceived by entrepreneurial characteristics and how to educate it (Henry et al, 2005). As illustrated by the following table, the framework of entrepreneurship education can be divided into three level. Approach on Entrepreneurship Education Jamieson (1984) Garavan and OCinneide (1994) Cox (1996) McMullan and Boberg (1991) Level 1 Graduate or undergraduate students awareness creation specific objectives on various aspects of setting up and running a business theoretically perspective foster skills, attitude, and values to increase number of people who knowledgeable about small business and will consider it as a career in the future objectives : promoting self-efficacy with regard to new venture creation provides mastery experience to entrepreneurship experience or opportunities exposure to real-life entrepreneur Case method was effective in developing analytical skills and ability to synthesise information. Project method perceived to develop and enhance knowledge and understanding of subject area. Level 2 preparation of aspiring entrepreneur career of self-employment specific objective : setting up a business and running the business practical skills for small business set-up and management preparation of business plan provide practical help to those who want to make transition from traditional employment to self-employment focus : raising finance, marketing problem, and legal issues. Level 3 management training for establish entrepreneurs focused on growth and future business development product development and marketing training will provides skills, knowledge and attitudes continuing small business education. Focused to enhance and update their skills. Table 2 : The framework of entrepreneurship education Role of academic entrepreneurship must orientated towards innovative and need to change rapidly in order to become the leader in creating entrepreneur effort (Kirby, 2004). He feels it is important for the business school to look into the process of developing entrepreneurial skills, attributes, and behaviours of its student in addition to their understanding on the business management by specifically designed the modules and courses and by changing the learning environment that can help to develop their awareness and strengthen their entrepreneurial characteristics and skills. He proposed that the traditional way of learning had to be shifted to more students oriented which gives â€Å"students ownership of their learning, more involvement in real word situation, encourages students to formulate decisions on incomplete data, immediate and dubious, and providing role models to them.†Education is not the only factors that had motivate graduates to become entrepreneur as Matlay (2006) found that other reasons for such as the current socio-economy and educational conditions together with personal, family and peer influences often affect their desires, motivation, and prospect. 4.0RESEARCH QUESTIONS The question now is whether entrepreneurship education can be developed based on the entrepreneurship traits? And is it possible to teach entrepreneurship to others? Zimmerer (2008) argues that entrepreneurship can not be taught to others but the necessary skills of small business management are teachable and as Kirby (2004) noted that â€Å"entrepreneurship is about possessing or acquiring a particular set of attributes, skills and behaviors†and this can be possessed by learning. The following will be the sub-questions for this research; What is the motivation for an individual to become an entrepreneur based on cultural perspective? Are there any differences in motivation factors between ethnic in Malaysia? What are the required traits by the entrepreneur in the industry? Can entrepreneurship traits be transferred? Is the entrepreneurship program in the higher technical institutions address the requirements by the entrepreneur involve in the industries? If the required traits are addressed by the higher technical institutions, what is the right way to transfer it to the students? 5.0EMPIRICAL STUDIES The choice of research method depends on the nature of the research problems. It is proposed that the research will be using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Based on the literature review and the theoretical c
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Domestic Violence Essay -- Violence Against Women Essays
There is no question that domestic violence directed against women is a serious problem. Former U.S. Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop has called it women’s number-one health problem. The statistics reported in the popular press are staggering: Nearly one third of women in hospital emergency departments are there due to domestic violence, three out of four female homicide victims are killed by their husbands or lovers, and 6 million women are victims of abuse by people they know each year (Journal of the American Medical Association June, 1992).      Let us begin by first defining what abuse is: abuse is the use or threat to use physical, sexual, or verbal behavior to coerce the partner to do something one wants; to degrade or humiliate; to gain or maintain a sense of power or control; to act out ones anger inappropriately. Abusive behaviors may include subtle or covert harm as well as life threatening acts of violence. Yet, it seems to be that violence against an intimate partner does not seem to be as serious as other crimes. We know this, because less than half of our states view marital rape as a crime (History of Governor’ Commission on Domestic Violence, 2001). The Governor’s Commission on Domestic Violence was established by the Weld/Cellucci administration in April 1992, shortly after domestic violence was declared a public health emergency in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Governor’s Commission on Domestic Violence leads the nation in its comprehensive and innovative appro ach to addressing the crime of domestic violence. Some of its many accomplishments include:  ·Ã‚     State funding for domestic violence prevention and intervention initiatives including: resources for district attorney’s offices, battered women’s programs and emergency shelters, legal services, school based teen dating violence programs, certified batters intervention programs, and judicial training. For FY01, state funding totaled over $23.4 million dollars.  ·Ã‚     The publication of the Annual Prevention and Intervention Plan (House 1 budget) detailing domestic violence initiatives.  ·Ã‚     The support of progressive domestic violence legislation including Chapter 209A, stalking law, firearms legislation, and uniform enforcement of out of state restraining orders.  ·Ã‚     The first state wide Domestic Violence Law Enforcement Guidelines.  ·Ã‚     The publication of... ... get the help they need. We are only failing our communities and ourselves by looking away from this social problem and leaving it to the family’s alone to solve for themselves.      The violence will not simply stop, and it will not get better. Once it starts, it will happen more often and it will get progressively worse. No matter how much a battered woman loves her partner, she should know that she is in real danger. She has to ensure her own safety. Battered women’s centers, crisis intervention services, and family crisis centers have names like Counsel for Abused Families, Coalition Against Domestic Violence, Crisis Intervention Service, or Family Help Place. Family crisis centers provide hotlines that are open twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. If she cannot find a crisis center, she can call the police, sheriff, district attorneys, public library, or Salvation Army. The Salvation Army has kind and caring people who will help her without regard to her color, religion, or ethnic background. They can put her in touch with the people who can give her exactly the help she needs. A battered women must not stop until she finds that help. Her life depends on it!     Â
Monday, August 19, 2019
Space Race Essay -- essays research papers
We have always dreamed about reaching the heavens. From ancient civilizations to the modern day world, our obsession of going into space has grown from studying the stars to actual exploration of space. We have come a long way since primitive charts of constellations. From telescopes to satellites, we as a population have progressed greatly in the world of technology. In a mere forty years, we have had more technological advances than the Industrial Revolution. The Space Race has affected our everyday lives; we use the same technology that the astronauts used during their missions for example digital clocks (Dismukes http://spaceflight.nasa.gov). Many industries have benefited, communication companies, industrial manufacturers, and the medical field. As a result of this technological revolution, the world has become smaller. With the technology gained from the Space Race, we can perform medical tasks that only existed in the dreams of surgeons; we can communicate with another person on the other side of the world in seconds, not days or months. Without the Space Race we would not have the technological advances that exist today. We as a population might have been stuck with the technology of the 1930’s. Germany, which has always been at the forefront of engineering, pioneered the technology for early rocketry. They broke new ground with the advances that they accomplished. The Germans interest in having rockets was due to the fact that after World War I the nation was banned in having long-range artillery, such as a bullet that can go several miles; instead Germany had begun research on rocket technology. Much of the accomplishment is credited to Hermann Oberth and Werner von Braun. Oberth wrote The Rocket Into Interplanetary Space. Later, his work motivated future rocket engineers, and von Braun, along with his students, developed the infamous V-2 rocket, later used in World War II (Neal 17). With the knowledge gained from the research of Oberth and von Braun, the German military has built the V-1 and the V-2, which has been dubbed the â€Å"Vengeance Weapon†(Neal 19). During World War II, the American allies were closing in on the German stronghold, and Hitler was terrified, and he issued the manufacturing of notorious V-1 and V-2s. Von Braun and Oberth unknowingly started a new era in history, the series of technological advances, that would change the world... ...TI was established, the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence. Perhaps we will soon find the answer Deward, John and Nancy. History of NASA America’s Voyage to the Stars. New York:      Bison Book Corp., 1984 Dismukes, Kim. â€Å"NASA Human Space Flight.†Dec. 10, 2000.     (Dec. 4, 2000) McAleer, Neil. The Omni Space Almanac. New York: Scripps Howard Company, 1987 Murray, Charles and Catherine Cox. Apollo the Race to the Moon. New York: Simon     and Schuster, 1989 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Kennedy Space Center Story.      Kennedy Space Center, 1974 Neal, Valerie, Cathleen Lewis, and Frank Winter. Smithsonian Guides: Space Flight.          New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1995 Needal, Allan. The First 25 Years in Space. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institute,      1993 Snedden, Robert. 20th Century Inventions Rockets and Spacecraft. Austin: Steck-     Vaughn Company, 1998 Walter, William. Space Age. New York: Random House, 1992 Space Race Essay -- essays research papers We have always dreamed about reaching the heavens. From ancient civilizations to the modern day world, our obsession of going into space has grown from studying the stars to actual exploration of space. We have come a long way since primitive charts of constellations. From telescopes to satellites, we as a population have progressed greatly in the world of technology. In a mere forty years, we have had more technological advances than the Industrial Revolution. The Space Race has affected our everyday lives; we use the same technology that the astronauts used during their missions for example digital clocks (Dismukes http://spaceflight.nasa.gov). Many industries have benefited, communication companies, industrial manufacturers, and the medical field. As a result of this technological revolution, the world has become smaller. With the technology gained from the Space Race, we can perform medical tasks that only existed in the dreams of surgeons; we can communicate with another person on the other side of the world in seconds, not days or months. Without the Space Race we would not have the technological advances that exist today. We as a population might have been stuck with the technology of the 1930’s. Germany, which has always been at the forefront of engineering, pioneered the technology for early rocketry. They broke new ground with the advances that they accomplished. The Germans interest in having rockets was due to the fact that after World War I the nation was banned in having long-range artillery, such as a bullet that can go several miles; instead Germany had begun research on rocket technology. Much of the accomplishment is credited to Hermann Oberth and Werner von Braun. Oberth wrote The Rocket Into Interplanetary Space. Later, his work motivated future rocket engineers, and von Braun, along with his students, developed the infamous V-2 rocket, later used in World War II (Neal 17). With the knowledge gained from the research of Oberth and von Braun, the German military has built the V-1 and the V-2, which has been dubbed the â€Å"Vengeance Weapon†(Neal 19). During World War II, the American allies were closing in on the German stronghold, and Hitler was terrified, and he issued the manufacturing of notorious V-1 and V-2s. Von Braun and Oberth unknowingly started a new era in history, the series of technological advances, that would change the world... ...TI was established, the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence. Perhaps we will soon find the answer Deward, John and Nancy. History of NASA America’s Voyage to the Stars. New York:      Bison Book Corp., 1984 Dismukes, Kim. â€Å"NASA Human Space Flight.†Dec. 10, 2000.     (Dec. 4, 2000) McAleer, Neil. The Omni Space Almanac. New York: Scripps Howard Company, 1987 Murray, Charles and Catherine Cox. Apollo the Race to the Moon. New York: Simon     and Schuster, 1989 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Kennedy Space Center Story.      Kennedy Space Center, 1974 Neal, Valerie, Cathleen Lewis, and Frank Winter. Smithsonian Guides: Space Flight.          New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1995 Needal, Allan. The First 25 Years in Space. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institute,      1993 Snedden, Robert. 20th Century Inventions Rockets and Spacecraft. Austin: Steck-     Vaughn Company, 1998 Walter, William. Space Age. New York: Random House, 1992
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